Table 4.

Results of three random-effects meta-analyses on the association between anxiety vs. cannabis use or CUD and anxiety + depression vs. cannabis use

		Anxiety vs. use/no use N = 15 (Figure2)	Anxiety vs. CUD/no CUD (or no use) N = 13 (Figure3)	Anxiety + depression vs. use/no use N = 5 (Figure4)
Overall mean weighted OR	OR (95% CI) ptwo-tailed	1.24 (1.06-1.45) .006*	1.68 (1.23-2.31) .001*	1.68 (1.17-2.40) .004*
Heterogeneity statistics	Q(df)ptwo-tailedI 2	30 (14) .009* 53%	55 (12) <.0001* 78%	8 (4) .091 50%
One-study removed analysis (Additional file1: Figure S1)	Which studies, removed one at a time from the analysis, remove the significance of the overall mean weighted OR?	None	None	Cheung et al., 2010 [36]
Cumulative analysis (1993 to 2013) (Additional file1: Figure S2)	Which studies, added to all previous studies one at a time, remove the significance of the overall mean weighted OR?	Crum et al., 1993 [38]; Fergusson et al., 1996 [42]	Degenhardt et al., 2001 [39]	NPMS, 2007 [10]
Rosenthal’s Fail-safe N for p > .05	N studies needed to remove the significance of the overall mean weighted OR (N studies missing for every study in meta-analysis needed to remove the significance of the overall mean weighted OR)	N=49 (49/15 = 3)	N=105 (105/13 = 8)	N=17 (17/5 = 3)
Duval and Tweedie’s Trim-and-Fill analysis	Funnel plot symmetrical? N studies missing on either side of the overall mean weighted OR	YES	YES	YES
		N=0	N=0	N=0
Begg and Mazumdar Rank Order Correlation	τ	.13	-.19	-.30
	ptwo-tailed	.488	.360	.462
Egger’s regression	intercept	.25	1.73	−4.05
	ptwo-tailed	.748	.005*	.415

Note: Figure numbers refer to forest plots and funnel plots for each analysis (Figures S1 and S2 can be found in the Additional file 1).

Abbreviations:CUD cannabis use disorder (cannabis dependence and/or abuse/harmful use), NPMS the British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, UK; τ = Kendall’s correlation coefficient tau b with continuity correction.

*p < .05.