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The buffer effect of charged NP surfaces. The pH values of ligand-free gold NP suspensions as synthesized in the presence of NaOH and HCl at varying concentrations of the respective acid (HCl) and base (NaOH; solid lines) are plotted versus the ionic strength I of the solution. As comparison the pH of the NaOH and HCl stock solutions was monitored as well (dashed lines).
