Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of the Female Participants
| Characteristics | Group |
Group Comparisons (p values) |
|
|---|---|---|---|
| HC (n = 20) | CD (n = 20) | ||
| Age (y) | 17.62 ± 0.64 | 16.97 ± 1.52 | .09 |
| Full-scale IQ | 104.60 ± 8.72 | 99.65 ± 8.06 | .07 |
| Performance IQ | 105.00 ± 10.85 | 101.50 ± 9.99 | .30 |
| Handedness (R/L) | 20/0 | 19/1 | .50 |
| No. of current DSM-IV diagnoses | |||
| ADHD | 0 | 3 | .23 |
| Substance abuse | 0 | 2 | .49 |
| Panic disorder | 0 | 1 | .99 |
| Number of past DSM-IV diagnoses | |||
| ADHD | 0 | 4 | .11 |
| MDD | 3 | 9 | .08 |
| Substance abuse | 0 | 4 | .11 |
| PTSD | 0 | 1 | .99 |
| No. of symptoms | |||
| Current CD | 0.13 ± 0.34 | 2.70 ± 2.58 | <.001 |
| Lifetime CD | 0.38 ± 0.62 | 7.70 ± 2.30 | <.001 |
| Aggressive CD | 0.06 ± 0.25 | 2.70 ± 1.08 | <.001 |
| Current ADHD | 1.55 ± 1.88 | 6.15 ± 3.47 | <.001 |
| Lifetime ADHD | 1.90 ± 2.20 | 8.30 ± 3.85 | <.001 |
| Total psychopathic traits (total YPI) | 1.65 ± 0.35 | 2.03 ± 0.41 | .006 |
| YPI CU traits subscale | 0.53 ± 0.11 | 0.60 ± 0.13 | .069 |
| Inventory of CU traits | 17.81 ± 8.04 | 28.78 ± 14.11 | .010 |
| SES (ACORN) | |||
| Wealthy achievers | 9 | 4 | |
| Urban prosperity | 0 | 4 | |
| Comfortably off | 6 | 3 | .067 |
| Moderate means | 1 | 1 | |
| Hard-pressed | 4 | 8 | |
| Ethnicity | |||
| White | 20 | 20 | 1.00 |
| Nonwhite | 0 | 0 | |
| fMRI task performance | |||
| Accuracy, % | |||
| Angry | 91 ± 7 | 89 ± 6 | |
| Sad | 96 ± 3 | 94 ± 5 | .25 |
| Neutral | 93 ± 5 | 92 ± 5 | |
| RTs, ms | |||
| Angry | 641 ± 68 | 635 ± 43 | |
| Sad | 635 ± 70 | 633 ± 45 | .98 |
| Neutral | 635 ± 69 | 644 ± 45 | |
Note: Data are presented as mean ± SD or number in each group. ACORN = A Classification Of Residential Neighbourhoods; ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; CD = conduct disorder; CU = callous-unemotional; fMRI = functional magnetic resonance imaging; HC = healthy control; L = left; MDD = major depressive disorder; PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; R = right; RT = reaction time; SES = socioeconomic status; YPI = Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory.