Table 2.

Descriptive characteristics of the total sample and independent bivariate analysis with active school travel per week

		Bivariate associations with active school travel per week*
	Mean ± SD	Estimate	t value	p
Distance (% within 1 mile)	62.76 ± 20.33	0.0276	13.62	<0.0001
Socio-demographic factors (% of students)
White	56.31 ± 25.97	0.0011	0.70	0.4856
African American	12.64 ± 15.74	−0.0099	−3.83	0.0002
Hispanic	19.28 ± 24.33	0.0075	4.80	<0.0001
Free or reduced lunch	45.03 ± 27.74	−0.0021	−1.36	0.1748
Physical factors
Temperature (°F)	50.50 ± 15.43	0.0047	1.74	0.0851
Walk/bikeability (% good or very good)	48.92 ± 26.68	0.0034	2.22	0.0283
Parents’ perceived barriers (% of barriers endorsed by parents)
Safety and weather	34.38 ± 8.33	−0.0272	−6.03	<0.0001
Suitability of the route to school	19.73 ± 7.14	−0.0175	−3.03	0.0030
Time issue	15.85 ± 4.90	−0.0009	−0.11	0.9148
No walking companion	18.84 ± 5.94	−0.0308	−4.75	<0.0001
Children’s resistance	7.67 ± 4.38	−0.0627	−7.94	<0.0001
Parents’ perceived active school travel norms (% perceiving others walking/biking to school with children every day and a few times a week)	53.61 ± 15.04	0.0166	4.09	<0.0001
Children’s perceived barriers (% of barriers endorsed by children)	35.67 ± 4.72	−0.0431	−5.81	<0.0001
Children’s perceived active school travel norms (% perceiving other kids walking/biking to school)	56.32 ± 12.81	0.0158	3.85	0.0002

* Bivariate associations were adjusted for distance and clustering (school*time). Distance adjusted for clustering only.