Table 1.

Overview of clinical studies evaluating NIR spectroscopy employment for medical applications.

First author, year	Study design	Subject age	Number of study patients	Procedure	Procedure performed by	Procedure setting	Device used	Benefit to technology
Hess [70] (2010)	Historical control	3 days–17 years	91	Peripheral IV catheter insertion	Nurses	Hospital	VeinViewer	Benefit
Strehle [1] (2010)	Nonrandomized prospective	0–16 years	50	Peripheral IV catheter insertion or blood draw	Consultants, registrars, senior house officers, and nurses	Outpatient	VeinViewer	N/A
Cuper et al. [71] (2011)	Historical control	0–6 years	125	Blood draw	Phlebotomists	Phlebotomy station	VascuLuminator	Benefit
Chapman et al. [72] (2011)	Prospective randomized controlled	0–17 years	323	Peripheral IV catheter insertion	Pediatric ER nurses	Pediatric ER, elective IVs	VeinViewer	Benefit
Perry et al. [73] (2011)	Prospective randomized controlled	0–20 years	123	Peripheral IV catheter insertion	Pediatric ER nurses	Pediatric ER, elective IVs	VeinViewer	No benefit
Cuper et al. [74] (2012)	Nonrandomized prospective	<3 years	77	Arterial line insertion	Experienced pediatric anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists	Operating room, before cardiothoracic surgery	VascuLuminator	No benefit
Kaddoum et al. [68] (2012)	Prospective randomized controlled	0.18–17.1 years	146	Peripheral IV catheter insertion	Experienced pediatric anesthesiologists	Operating room, elective procedures	AccuVein AV 300	No benefit
Kim et al. [75] (2012)	Prospective randomized controlled	1 month–16 years	111	Peripheral IV catheter insertion	Nurses	Hospital	VeinViewer	Benefit
Peterson et al. [76] (2012)	Nonrandomized prospective	0–19 years	155	Peripheral IV catheter insertion	Nurses	Hospital	VeinViewer	No benefit
Phipps et al. [66] (2012)	Prospective randomized controlled	Preterm and term neonates (23–40 weeks)	115	Peripheral IV catheter insertion	Expert level neonatal nurse practitioners and registered nurse peripheral IV catheter team	Hospital	VeinViewer	Benefit
Cuper et al. [77] (2013)	Cluster randomized	0–18 years	494	Peripheral IV catheter insertion	Experienced pediatric anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetists, and trainees	Operating room, elective procedures	VascuLuminator	No benefit
de Graaff et al. [3] (2013)	Cluster randomized	0–18 years	1383	Peripheral IV catheter insertion	Experienced pediatric anesthesiologists, nurse anesthetists, and trainees	Operating room, elective procedures	VeinViewer, AccuVein AV 300, VascuLuminator	No benefit
Sun et al. [78] (2013)	Prospective randomized controlled	3 months–17 years	60	Peripheral IV catheter insertion	Nurses	Pediatric ICU	VeinViewer	Benefit
van der Woude et al. [79] (2013)	Cluster randomized	0–15 years	88	Peripheral IV catheter insertion	Anesthesiologists	Operating room, elective procedures	VascuLuminator	No benefit

Hess [70] (2010) evaluated patients for 6 months using standard techniques and compared the results to patients treated subsequently with the VeinViewer. Cuper et al. [71] (2011) evaluated patients for 10 weeks using standard techniques and compared the results to patients treated subsequently with the VascuLuminator. Benefits to technology were any considered benefits measured in the study populations (described in more detail in Table 2). N/A signifies no analysis performed (feasibility or less rigorous study demonstrating the general usability of the device).