Table 3.

Variables Associated with Incident OUDs

Variables#	UNADJUSTED OR (95% CI)	ADJUSTED OR (95% CI)
Opioid Dose and Days
No opioid use (Reference)	1.00 (--)	1.00 (--)
Low dose, acute	3.31 (2.54 – 4.31)***	3.03 (2.32 – 3.95)***
Low dose, chronic	17.63 (12.33 – 25.20)***	14.92 (10.38 – 21.46)***
Med dose, acute	3.04 (2.30 – 4.01)***	2.80 (2.12 – 3.71)***
Med dose, chronic	35.19 (24.75 – 50.02)***	28.69 (20.02 – 41.13)***
High dose, acute	2.68 (1.45 –4.98)**	3.10 (1.67 – 5.77)***
High dose, chronic	171.95 (105.97 – 279.00)***	122.45 (72.79 – 205.99)***
Age in Years – N (%)
18–30	14.12 (7.43 – 26.86)***	10.51 (5.47 – 20.20)***
31–40	6.45 (3.37 – 12.33)***	4.62 (2.39 – 8.91)***
41–50	4.60 (2.40 – 8.80)***	3.27 (1.70 – 6.30)***
51–64	2.08 (1.44 – 5.44)**	2.18 (1.12 – 4.26)*
>=65 - Reference Group	1.00 (--)	1.00 (--)
Sex
Female - Reference Group	1.00 (--)	1.00 (--)
Male	2.38 (1.96 – 2.91)***	2.27 (1.85 – 2.78)***
Charlson score (Pre)	1.01 (0.83 – 1.22)	1.11 (0.93 – 1.34)
# of types of tracer pains (of 5) in the PRE Index period
None – Reference Group	1.00 (--)	1.00 (--)
One	0.73 (0.51 –1.04)	0.76 (0.52 – 1.10)
Two or more	1.53 (0.72 – 3.23)	1.37 (0.63 – 3.01)
Number of Non-Tracer Pain Categories
0 – Reference Group	1.00 (--)	1.00 (--)
1	0.68 (0.53 – 0.87)**	0.72 (0.56 – 0.93)**
2–3	0.88 (0.63 – 1.22)	0.95 (0.67 – 1.35)
4+	2.37 (0.98 – 5.74)	2.62 (1.05 – 6.55)*
Number of Non-Substance Mental Health Disorder Types
0 – Reference Group
1	3.85 (3.02 – 4.92)***	3.12 (2.41 – 4.04)***
2+	8.37 (5.78–12.12)***	5.71 (3.83 – 8.52)***
Pre-index Substance Abuse/Dependence Diagnoses
Non-Opioid	60.95 (39.34 – 94.44)***	8.26 (4.74 – 14.39)***
Alcohol	23.35 (14.51 – 37.58)***	3.22 (1.79 – 5.80)***

^#All independent variables, except the opioid variables (days supply, dose, category type) were measured in the 12 months prior to the index date. Opioid variables were measured in the 12-month period after the index date.

^*p<0.05

^**p<0.01

^***p<0.001