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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013 Nov 25;966:48–58. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.043

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Chiral separation and analysis of tramadol and its major metabolites using HPLC and a column containing immobilized APG as stationary phase. The results in (a) are for a blank human plasma sample. The results in (b) are for a plasma sample taken from a volunteer 2.5 hours after receiving a 100 mg dose of racemic tramadol. Symbols: enantiomers of tramadol, +(T) and −(T); enantiomers of the metabolite O-desmethyltramadol, +(M1) and −(M1); enantiomers of the metabolite N-desmethyltramadol, +(M2) and −(M2); and internal standard (fluconazol), IS. Adapted with permission from Ref. [96].