Table 2.

Force and torque contributions of knee structures during the swing phase of gait. The ACL continues to act as a restraint to anterior translation and medial translation in both species throughout gait. The ovine MCL becomes a significant restraint in multiple degrees of freedom while the human MCL remains functionally absent.

Contributors in Stance		Sheep		Human
		Primary	Secondary	Primary	Secondary
Translations	Anterior	ACL		ACL	MM
	Posterior	Bone	MM	Bone	MM, LM
	Medial	Bone	ACL	Bone	ACL
	Lateral	MM***		MM***, LM
	Compression	Bone***	MM*	Bone***	MM*
	Distraction
Rotations	Adduction	Bone	MM*	Bone	MM*
	Abduction	LM		LM
	Flexion			Bone	MM
	Extension	Bone	MM	ACL	Bone
	Internal	Bone		Bone	MedCap**
	External

* denotes statistical difference between species

^*p < 0.05;

^**p < 0.01;

^***p < 0.001 in comparing % contribution to intact loads