Table 2.
C. elegans Parkinson's disease models.
| Gene | Construct/allele namea | Expression pattern | Phenotype | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| α-synuclein (human wild type) | Pdat-1::α-synuclein | DAergic neurons | DAergic neurodegeneration, motor deficits, reduced DA and α-synuclein accumulation in DAergic neurons | Lakso et al., 2003; Kuwahara et al., 2006; Cao et al., 2005 |
| Paex-3::α-synuclein | Pan-neuronal | DAergic neurodegeneration | Lakso et al., 2003 | |
| Punc-51::α-synuclein | Endocytosis, motor and developmental defects | Kuwahara et al., 2008 | ||
| Psnb-1::α-synuclein | Mitochondrial stress | Ved et al., 2005 | ||
| Punc-54::α-synuclein::GFP | Body wall muscles | α-synuclein accumulation | Hamamichi et al., 2008 | |
| Punc-54::α-synuclein::YFP | α-synuclein accumulation | van Ham et al., 2008 | ||
| Pacr-2::α-synuclein | Motor neurons | Reduced motor movements | Lakso et al., 2003 | |
| Pmec-7::α-synuclein | Touch-receptor neurons | Impaired touch sensitivity | Kuwahara et al., 2008 | |
| α-synuclein (human mutant) | Pdat-1::α-synuclein (A30P), (A53T), (A56P), and (A76P) | DAergic neurons | DAergic neurodegeneration | Karpinar et al., 2009 |
| Pdat-1::α-synuclein (A53T) | DAergic neurodegeneration | Lakso et al., 2003 | ||
| Pdat-1::α-synuclein (A30P) and (A53T) | Reduced DA and α-synuclein accumulation in DAergic neurons | Kuwahara et al., 2006 | ||
| Punc-51::α-synuclein (A53T) and (A30P) | Pan-neuronal | Endocytosis, motor and developmental defects | Kuwahara et al., 2008 | |
| Punc-119::α-synuclein (A53T) | Mitochondrial stress | Ved et al., 2005 | ||
| Paex-3::α-synuclein (A53T) | DAergic neurodegeneration, motor deficits | Lakso et al., 2003 | ||
| Pacr-2::α-synuclein (A53T) | Motor neurons | Reduced motor movements | Lakso et al., 2003 | |
| Pmec-7::α-synuclein (A53T) | Touch-receptor neurons | Impaired touch sensitivity | Kuwahara et al., 2008 | |
| GFP | Pdat-1::GFP | DAergic neurons | Visualizes the DAergic neurons | Nass et al., 2002 |
| MAPT (human tau) | Paex-3::tau (WT) | Pan-neuronal | Uncoordinated movement | Kraemer et al., 2003 |
| Paex-3::tau (V337M) | Insoluble tau accumulation | |||
| Paex-3::tau (P301L) | Nerve cord degeneration | |||
| LRRK2 | Psnb-1::LRRK2 (WT) | Pan-neuronal | Mitochondrial stress | Saha et al., 2009 |
| Psnb-1::LRRK2 (R1441C) | Mitochondrial stress | |||
| Psnb-1::LRRK2 (G2019S) | Mitochondrial stress, DAergic neurodegeneration and reduced DA levels | |||
| Protein with tau like repeats (ptl-1) | ok621 | Null mutant | Early on-set neurodegeneration, egg hatching defects and reduced touch sensitivity | Gordon et al., 2008; Chew et al., 2013 |
| tm543 | Partial deletion mutant | Early on-set neurodegeneration | Chew et al., 2013 | |
| Chemical treatment | Phenotype | References | ||
| 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) | DAergic neurodegeneration | Nass et al., 2002; Cao et al., 2005 | ||
| MPTP/MPP+ | DAergic neurodegeneration | Braungart et al., 2004; Pu and Le, 2008 | ||
| Methyl mercury (MeHg) | DAergic neurodegeneration | VanDuyn et al., 2010 | ||
| Manganese | DAergic neurodegeneration and oxidative stress | Settivari et al., 2009 | ||
| Aluminum | DAergic neurodegeneration | VanDuyn et al., 2013 | ||
a
Construct name includes the promoter used to drive the transgene (promoter::transgene).