. 2014 May 16;5:443. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00443

Table 3.

Hierarchical regression models predicting children's performance on inhibition (verbal and motor response conflict, and response suppression) and shifting measures.

	Verbal RC			Motor RC			Response suppression			Shifting
	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β	B	SE	β
STEP 1
Intercept	1.52	0.26		25.64	1.90		17.33	3.07		−3.67	1.50
Age	−0.02	0.00	−0.49^***	0.03	0.03	0.10	0.15	0.05	0.33^**	0.07	0.03	0.68^*
R²(ΔF)	0.24 (19.80^***)			0.01 (0.66)			0.11 (7.64^**)			0.10 (6.80^**)
STEP 2
Intercept	1.52	0.26		25.58	1.92		17.20	3.10		−2.83	1.64
Age	−0.02	0.00	−0.49^***	0.03	0.03	0.10	0.15	0.05	0.32^**	0.07	0.03	0.77^*
Gender	0.01	0.10	0.02	0.17	0.72	0.03	0.51	1.17	0.05	−2.02	0.63	−2.02^***
R²(ΔF)	0.24 (0.02)			0.01 (0.06)			0.11 (0.19)			0.25 (12.15^***)
STEP 3
Intercept	1.62	0.29		27.20	2.06		17.65	3.43		−4.17	1.91
Age	−0.02	0.00	−0.46^***	0.05	0.03	0.20	0.15	0.06	0.34^*	0.06	0.03	0.59
Gender	0.01	0.10	0.01	0.05	0.70	0.01	0.47	1.19	0.05	−2.23	0.66	−2.23^***
Nonvb. intelligence	−0.01	0.01	−0.10	−0.19	0.10	−0.26	−0.05	0.17	−0.04	0.15	0.09	0.62
R²(ΔF)	0.25 (0.73)			0.07 (3.81⁺)			0.11 (0.10)			0.29 (3.13)
STEP 4
Intercept	1.62	0.34		28.89	2.36		17.49	4.05		−2.18	2.13
Age	−0.02	0.00	−0.46^***	0.05	0.03	0.17	0.16	0.06	0.34^*	0.05	0.03	0.56
Gender	0.01	0.10	0.01	0.07	0.70	0.01	0.47	1.20	0.05	−2.43	0.71	−2.43^***
Nonvb. intelligence	−0.01	0.01	−0.10	−0.21	0.10	−0.29^*	−0.05	0.17	−0.04	0.14	0.09	0.55
Anxiety	0.00	0.00	−0.00	−0.04	0.02	−0.18	0.00	0.04	0.01	−0.05	0.02	−0.78^*
R²(ΔF)	0.25 (0.00)			0.10 (2.05)			0.11 (0.01)			0.34 (5.25^*)
STEP 5
Intercept	1.72	0.41		25.36	2.78		16.01	4.98		−6.04	3.01
Age	−0.02	0.00	−0.44^***	0.02	0.04	0.09	0.15	0.06	0.32^*	0.03	0.04	0.35
Gender	0.01	0.10	0.01	−0.08	0.68	−0.01	0.42	1.21	0.04	−2.47	0.75	−2.47^***
Nonvb. intelligence	−0.01	0.01	−0.11	−0.19	0.10	−0.26	−0.04	0.17	−0.03	0.18	0.10	0.72
Anxiety	0.00	0.00	−0.02	−0.02	0.02	−0.11	0.01	0.04	0.03	−0.05	0.03	−0.66
Vb. STM (T1)	−0.03	0.07	−0.06	1.07	0.48	0.29^*	0.46	0.85	0.07	1.08	0.51	0.81
R²(ΔF)	0.25 (0.21)			0.17 (4.94^*)			0.11 (0.27)			0.39 (5.25^*)
STEP 6
Intercept	1.77	0.40		25.37	2.81		15.56	4.95		−6.08	3.01
Age	−0.01	0.01	−0.32^*	0.02	0.04	0.10	0.10	0.07	0.23	0.03	0.04	0.36
Gender	0.01	0.10	0.01	−0.08	0.68	−0.01	0.41	1.20	0.04	−2.46	0.75	−2.46^***
Nonvb. intelligence	−0.01	0.01	−0.08	−0.19	0.10	−0.26	−0.06	0.17	−0.05	0.18	0.10	0.72
Anxiety	0.00	0.00	0.01	−0.02	0.03	−0.11	0.00	0.00	0.01	−0.05	0.03	−0.65
Vb. STM (T1)	−0.01	0.07	−0.02	1.07	0.49	0.29^*	0.12	0.87	0.03	1.09	0.53	0.82^*
Vs. STM (T1)	−0.17	0.09	−0.25	−0.05	0.65	−0.01	1.53	1.13	0.20	−0.04	0.61	−0.03
R²(ΔF)	0.30 (3.40)			0.17 (0.01)			0.14 (1.85)			0.39 (0.01)
STEP 7
Intercept	1.90	0.42		23.47	2. 92		13.95	5.27		−5.32	3.09
Age	−0.01	0.01	−0.30^*	0.01	0.04	0.05	0.09	0.07	0.21	0.06	0.04	0.57
Gender	0.01	0.10	0.00	0.04	0.67	0.01	0.51	1.21	0.05	−2.62	0.80	−2.62^***
Nonvb. intelligence	−0.01	0.01	−0.05	−0.25	0.10	−0.34^*	−0.11	0.18	−0.09	0.26	0.12	1.07^*
Anxiety	0.00	0.00	0.00	−0.01	0.03	−0.07	0.01	0.04	0.03	−0.06	0.03	−0.85
Vb. STM (T1)	0.09	0.14	0.15	−0.56	0.98	−0.15	−1.18	1.76	−0.18	2.90	1.19	2.17^*
Vs. STM (T1)	−0.18	0.09	−0.27⁺	0.14	0.64	0.03	1.69	1.15	0.22	−0.24	0.68	−0.16
Vb. STM (T2)	−0.14	0.17	−0.21	2.20	1.14	0.52⁺	1.86	2.07	0.25	−2.22	1.28	−1.53
R²(ΔF)	0.30 (0.66)			0.22 (3.71⁺)			0.15 (0.81)			0.42 (3.38)
STEP 8
Intercept	1.96	0.42		23.19	2.93		13.05	5.17		−5.12	3.11
Age	−0.01	0.01	−0.30^*	0.01	0.04	0.04	0.09	0.07	0.19	0.05	0.04	0.58
Gender	−0.01	0.10	−0.01	0.07	0.67	0.01	0.59	1.18	0.06	−2.66	0.81	−2.66^***
Nonvb. intelligence	0.00	0.01	−0.01	−0.27	0.10	−0.36^*	−0.18	0.18	−0.14	0.27	0.13	1.11^*
Anxiety	0.00	0.00	0.00	−0.01	0.02	−0.07	0.01	0.04	0.03	−0.06	0.03	−0.85
Vb. STM (T1)	0.15	0.14	0.26	−0.80	1.00	−0.22	−1.93	1.76	−0.30	2.97	1.21	2.23^*
Vs. STM (T1)	−0.08	0.11	−0.11	−0.24	0.74	−0.05	0.41	1.30	0.05	−0.06	0.81	−0.04
Vb. STM (T2)	−0.18	0.16	−0.27	2.38	1.16	0.56^*	2.44	2.04	0.33	−2.29	1.30	−1.58
Vs. STM (T2)	−0.17	0.09	−0.28	0.65	0.63	0.16	2.14	1.10	0.31	−0.28	0.66	−0.20
R²(ΔF)	0.35 (3.54)			0.23 (1.06)			0.21 (3.78)			0.43 (0.18)

β, Standardized regression coefficient. For shifting, β was obtained by standardizing the continuous predictors, and Cox and Snell's R² was calculated. T1, first time assessment; T2, second time assessment. Vb., verbal; Vs., visuospatial, RC, response conflict. The baseline gender is male.

⁺

p < 0.06,

p < 0.05,

^**

p < 0.01,

^***

p < 0.001.