Figure 6.

Identifying keystone species in co-occurrence networks. For keystone species analysis standard communities with mean species number of 50 species per site were used. (A) For each species, the number of species lost when it is removed from the community is plotted. The larger number of species lost, the higher the keystoneness. Lost species are separated into those that interacted either directly or indirectly with the keystone, and the sign (for direct interactions) or the net sign (for indirect interactions) of the interaction is shown. (B) Selected topological properties are shown in example networks, with the color (from light to dark) and size (from small to large) of each node scaled to the value of the property. Arrows indicate possible keystone species based on the results shown in (C). (C) Topological properties of keystones in both the interaction network (top row) and the co-occurrence network (bottom row) colored by interaction network type are shown.