Table 3.
Associations of nitrogen dioxide (time-weighted average, per 10 µg/m3 and 75th percentile cut-off) and distance from high-traffic roads (Dist HTRs, per 100 m and 25th percentile cut-off) with respiratory outcomes evaluated with the generalised estimation equations (GEE) models in the overall follow-up period
| NO2 (per 10 μg/m3) | NO2 (75th p) | DistHTR (per 100 m) | Dist. HTR (25thp) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Outcome (n of cases in the GEE) | OR | CI 95% | OR | CI 95% | OR | CI 95% | OR | CI 95% |
| Overall (GEE) | ||||||||
| Doctor-diagnosed asthma prevalence (113) | 1.010 | (0.69 to 1.47) | 1.386 | (0.82 to 2.34) | 0.991 | (0.97 to 1.02) | 0.615 | (0.33 to 1.13) |
| Doctor-diagnosed asthma incidence (87) | 1.086 | (0.78 to 1.52) | 1.414 | (0.88 to 2.28) | 0.994 | (0.97 to 1.02) | 0.693 | (0.40 to 1.20) |
| Wheezing (441) | 1.071 | (0.90 to 1.28) | 1.274 | (0.95 to 1.70) | 0.997 | (0.98 to 1.01) | 0.983 | (0.73 to 1.32) |
| Shortness of breath with wheezing (272) | 1.159 | (0.94 to 1.43) | 1.309 | (0.94 to 1.81) | 0.994 | (0.98 to 1.01) | 1.067 | (0.75 to 1.52) |
| Cough or phlegm apart from cold (391) | 1.109 | (0.92 to 1.33) | 1.258 | (0.96 to 1.66) | 1.004 | (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.842 | (0.62 to 1.14) |
| Otitis (334)* | 1.084 | (0.89 to 1.32) | 1.204 | (0.88 to 1.65) | 0.999 | (0.98 to 1.02) | 1.004 | (0.73 to 1.39) |
| Lower respiratory infections (260)* | 0.950 | (0.77 to 1.18) | 1.052 | (0.75 to 1.48) | 1.006 | (0.99 to 1.02) | 1.034 | (0.72 to 1.48) |
*Not recorded at 7 years follow-up.
OR adjusted for gender, age, breastfeeding at 3 months, presence of any pets in home, siblings, day-care attendance, maternal and paternal smoking, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal and paternal education, presence of moulds or dampness at home, familial asthma or allergies.