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. 2014 May 22;8:113. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00113

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Copyright © 2014 Stayte and Vissel.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Basal ganglia dysfunction in PD. Diagram representing the normal function of the basal ganglia (left), the changes occurring in PD (right), and the site of primary action of therapeutic targets discussed in this review (numbered). Arrows represent the major neurotransmitters of glutamate (green), GABA (blue) and dopamine (red). Relative thickness of the arrows indicates level of activity of neurotransmitter. SNpc, substantia nigra pars compacta; SNr, substantia nigra reticulata; STN, subthalamic nucleus; MGP, medial globus pallidus; LGP, lateral globus pallidus.