Table 2A.

Associations between caffeine and energy drink consumption and self-reported behavioral executive functioning (n = 509).

	Inhibition		Emotional control		Monitor		Shift		BRI#
	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p
CAFFEINE
<1 per day	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
≥1–2 each day	0.06 (−0.02; 0.14)	0.13	−0.04 (−0.11; 0.04)	0.32	0.08 (−0.03; 0.18)	0.15	−0.03 (−0.10; 0.05)	0.50	0.02 (−0.05; 0.09)	0.58
≥2 each day	0.11 (0.01; 0.21)	0.05	0.01 (−0.08; 0.10)	0.75	0.04 (−0.08; 0.17)	0.49	0.01 (−0.09; 0.10)	0.94	0.04 (−0.04; 0.12)	0.33
EDs
<1 per day	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
≥1 each day	0.18 (0.05; 0.31)	0.008	0.07 (−0.05; 0.18)	0.28	0.22 (0.05; 0.38)	0.009	0.09 (−0.04; 0.21)	0.17	0.14 (0.03; 0.24)	0.012
CAFFEINE AND EDs
<1 per day	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
≥1–2 each day	0.09 (0.02; 0.17)	0.02	0.02 (−0.05; 0.08)	0.67	0.05 (−0.05; 0.14)	0.36	−0.02 (−0.09; 0.05)	0.59	0.03 (−0.03; 0.10)	0.30
≥2 each day	0.14 (0.05; 0.23)	0.05	0.02 (−0.06; 0.10)	0.66	0.08 (−0.03; 0.20)	0.15	0.01 (−0.08; 0.09)	0.90	0.06 (−0.01; 0.14)	0.10

Linear regression models adjusted for pubertal status, gender, educational track, number of sleeping problems and hours of sleep. Caffeine, EDs, and Caffeine and EDs represent the independent dummy-coded variables in which <1 consumption on average per day represents the reference category; self-reported behavioral executive functioning measures are the outcome variables. B, the estimate of increase in self-reported behavioral executive functioning score compared to the reference category; CI, Confidence Interval;

^#BRI, Behavior Regulation Index.