Table 3B.

Associations between caffeine and energy drink consumption and parent-reported metacognition (n = 319).

	Initiative		Working memory		Planning and organizing		Organization of material		Monitor		MI #
	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p	B (95% CI)	p
CAFFEINE
<1 per day	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
≥1–2 each day	0.04 (−0.09; 0.15)	0.57	0.02 (−0.11; 0.15)	0.79	0.03 (−0.08; 0.14)	0.63	0.04 (−0.11; 0.20)	0.58	0.07 (−0.05; 0.19)	0.24	0.04 (−0.07; 0.14)	0.47
≥2 each day	0.12 (−0.03; 0.27)	0.11	0.09 (−0.07; 0.25)	0.26	0.12 (−0.02; 0.25)	0.09	0.19 (0.00; 0.38)	0.05	0.12 (−0.03; 0.27)	0.11	0.13 (0.00; 0.26)	0.05
EDs
<1 per day	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
≥1 each day	0.18 (−0.04; 0.39)	0.10	0.15 (−0.08; 0.37)	0.21	0.22 (0.03; 0.41)	0.026	0.14 (−0.13; 0.41)	0.30	0.22 (0.01; 0.43)	0.039	0.18 (0.00; 0.37)	0.05
CAFFEINE AND EDs
<1 per day	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
≥1–2 each day	0.02 (−0.10; 0.13)	0.78	0.04 (−0.08; 0.16)	0.52	0.07 (−0.03; 0.18)	0.17	0.08 (−0.07; 0.23)	0.28	0.15 (0.03; 0.26)	0.013	0.07 (−0.03; 0.17)	0.16
≥2 each day	0.12 (−0.02; 0.25)	0.09	0.08 (−0.07; 0.22)	31	0.12 (−0.01; 0.24)	0.07	0.12 (−0.05; 0.30)	0.16	0.10 (−0.04; 0.24)	0.14	0.11 (−0.01; 0.23)	0.08

Linear regression models adjusted for pubertal status category, gender, educational track, number of sleeping problems and hours of sleep. Caffeine, EDs, and Caffeine and EDs represent the independent dummy-coded variables in which <1 consumption on average per day represents the reference category; parent reported metacognition measures are the outcome variables. B, the estimate of increase in parent reported metacognition score compared to the reference category; CI, Confidence Interval;

^#MI, Metacognition Index.