Table 3.
Association between witnessing IPPV and different types of IPV against women
| Any IPV | Moderate physical IPV | Severe physical IPV | Sexual IPV | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | |
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
| Witnessed IPPV (NoR) | ||||||||
| Yes | 2.6* (2.2–3.1) | 2.4* (2.0–2.8) | 2.7* (2.2–3.3) | 2.5* (2.0–3.0) | 2.5* (2.0–3.2) | 2.3* (1.8–3.0) | 2.0* (1.6–2.5) | 1.8* (1.4–2.3) |
| Age group (15–24R) | ||||||||
| 25–34 | 0.7† (0.5–0.9) | 0.6† (0.4–0.8) | 0.6† (0.4–0.9) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | ||||
| 35–49 | 0.3* (0.2–0.5) | 0.3* (0.2–0.4) | 0.4* (0.2–0.6) | 0.4* (0.3–0.7) | ||||
| AFM (<16R) | ||||||||
| 16–17 | 1.1 (0.8–1.3) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | ||||
| 18 + | 0.6† (0.5–0.8) | 0.6† (0.5–0.8) | 0.5† (0.3–0.8) | 0.6§ (0.4–1.0) | ||||
| LS (literateR) | ||||||||
| Illiterate | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.5§ (1.1–2.0) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | ||||
| Work status (NoR) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 1.3§ (1.0–1.7) | ||||
| Husband's LS (literateR) | ||||||||
| Illiterate | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | ||||
| Wealth index (poorestR) | ||||||||
| Poorer | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.1) | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | ||||
| Middle | 0.7§ (0.6–0.9) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.7§ (0.5–1.0) | ||||
| Richer | 0.7§ (0.5–0.9) | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 0.7 (0.4–1.0) | ||||
| Richest | 0.4* (0.3–0.5) | 0.3* (0.2–0.4) | 0.3* (0.2–0.5) | 0.5† (0.3–0.9) | ||||
| Wife beating justified (NoR) | ||||||||
| Yes | 1.2§ (1.0–1.5) | 1.3§ (1.1–1.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | ||||
| Women's autonomy (highR) | ||||||||
| Low | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.2) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 1.4† (1.0–1.8) | ||||
| Moderate | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.3 (0.9–2.0) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | ||||
| L | −2081.5 | −1959.6 | −1834.2 | −1716.3 | −1148.8 | −1083.6 | −1284.0 | −1235.8 |
| Δ-2X LLa | 154.8* | 119.8* | 134.2* | 103.7* | 64.2* | 48.5* | 60.9* | 44.1* |
Model 2, 4, 6, and 8 were adjusted for the effects of marital duration, number of living children, and place of residence.
IPV, intimate partner violence; IPPV, inter-parental physical violence; OR, odds ratios; CI, confidence interval; AFM, age at first marriage; LS, literacy status; L, log likelihood
R
Reference category.
*
p<0.001;
†
p<0.01;
§
p<0.05.
a
Change in Δ-2X log-likelihood when adding IPPV to a model containing other variables. For Model 1, 3, 5, and 7, it was the change when adding IPPV to a model containing the constant only.