Immediate response genes c-fos and junb were elevated following DA administration. (A) c-fos and junb mRNA were examined by quantitative RT-PCR in kidneys from mice at 0.5, 1, 2, and 24 hours after DA exposure (2.5 mg/kg), with representative gel images shown in left panel and quantitative PCR analysis shown in right panel. Hip, hippocampus. (B) c-fos and junb mRNA were examined by quantitative RT-PCR in kidneys 30 minutes after exposure to 0.0005, 0.005, 0.05, or 2.5 mg/kg DA. (C) c-fos and junb mRNA were examined in kidneys by quantitative PCR analysis 30 minutes after mice were pretreated with KYNA (12.5 mg/kg) followed by DA administration (2.5 mg/kg). V, vehicle. *Data were significantly different from control (0 hour time point or V treatment); *P<0.05; **P<0.01. #KYNA+DA was significantly different from DA (P<0.05). ANOVA followed by Newman–Keuls for individual group comparisons (n=3).