Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics by sexes
| Total sample | Females | Males | p* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 250) | (n = 129) | (n = 121) | – | |
| Age, mean (SD)b | 32.6 (9.8) | 34.1 (9.8) | 30.7 (9.5) | <0.01 |
| School variables, n (%) | ||||
| Not completed high school | 140 (56) | 67 (52) | 73 (60) | 0.18 |
| Number of years with education, mean (SD) | 11.0 (2.3) | 11.3 (2.4) | 10.8 (2.1) | 0.12 |
| Behavioral risk to get into fightsa | 108 (43) | 47 (41) | 61 (56) | 0.03 |
| Educational psychology services | 73 (29) | 26 (20) | 47 (39) | <0.01 |
| Lexical or arithmetical skill problems | 95 (38) | 46 (36) | 49 (41) | 0.43 |
| Childhood symptoms | ||||
| Wender Utah Rating Scaleb, mean (SD) | ||||
| WURS medical problems | 5.0 (4.4) | 5.8 (4.5) | 4.0 (4.1) | <0.01 |
| WURS school-related problems | 17.9 (7.6) | 16.0 (7.2) | 19.8 (7.5) | <0.01 |
| WURS-25 | 56.2 (16.8) | 55.9 (17.7) | 56.2 (16.1) | 0.90 |
| WURS-25 category, n (%) | ||||
| Low (<40) | 40 (16) | 26 (20) | 14 (12) | 0.05 |
| Moderate (40–70) | 152 (61) | 70 (54) | 82 (69) | – |
| High (≥70) | 56 (23) | 33 (26) | 23 (19) | – |
| Number of ADHD symptoms in childhood (by DIVAc), mean (SD) | ||||
| Total number of symptoms | 11.8 (3.1) | 11.5 (3.2) | 12.2 (2.9) | 0.07 |
| Inattention symptoms | 6.6 (1.5) | 6.5 (1.4) | 6.7 (1.6) | 0.25 |
| Hyperactivity–impulsivity symptoms | 5.2 (2.4) | 5.0 (2.5) | 5.5 (2.3) | 0.11 |
| Adult factors | ||||
| Occupational status at inclusion, n (%) | ||||
| In paid work or study | 111 (44) | 47 (36) | 64 (53) | <0.01 |
| Disability or rehabilitation pension | 124 (50) | 75 (58) | 49 (41) | <0.01 |
| Unemployed | 15 (6) | 7 (5) | 8 (6) | 0.69 |
| Work disabled last year | 128 (51) | 77 (60) | 51 (42) | <0.01 |
| Comorbid mental disordera, n (%) | ||||
| Any comorbid mental disorder | 188 (75) | 96 (74) | 92 (76) | 0.77 |
| Major depressive episode | 59 (24) | 32 (25) | 27 (22) | 0.64 |
| Bipolar disorder | 39 (16) | 20 (16) | 19 (16) | 0.97 |
| Anxiety disorder (last year) | 136 (54) | 77 (60) | 59 (49) | 0.08 |
| Alcohol-use disorder (last year) | 38 (15) | 16 (12) | 22 (18) | 0.20 |
| Drug-use disorder (last year) | 36 (14) | 13 (10) | 23 (19) | 0.04 |
| Antisocial behavior | 42 (17) | 10 (8) | 32 (27) | <0.01 |
| Number of comorbid disordersc, mean (SD) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.2) | 1.5 (1.2) | 0.78 |
| Number of ADHD symptoms in adulthood (by DIVAc), mean (SD) | ||||
| Total number of symptoms (0–18) | 12.0 (3.2) | 12.5 (3.0) | 11.5 (3.3) | <0.01 |
| Inattention symptoms (0–9) | 6.8 (1.7) | 7.1 (1.3) | 6.5 (2.0) | <0.01 |
| Hyperactivity–impulsivity symptoms (0–9) | 5.2 (2.3) | 5.4 (2.3) | 5.0 (2.3) | 0.16 |
| Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRSv1.1), mean (SD) | ||||
| ASRS full scale (0–72) | 50.5 (10.2) | 51.9 (9.3) | 48.8 (10.9) | 0.01 |
| Inattention subscale (0–36) | 26.9 (5.3) | 27.7 (4.6) | 26.0 (5.6) | <0.01 |
| Hyperactivity–impulsivity subscale (0–36) | 23.6 (6.6) | 24.2 (6.3) | 22.8 (7.0) | 0.09 |
| Psychopharmacological medication last year (missing = 7), n(%) | 173 (71) | 96 (77) | 77 (65) | 0.05 |
* Statistically significant and near-significant p-values are in bold
aBy the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.), life time if not specified
bSeverity of childhood symptoms rated by the Wender Utah Rating Scale, WURS-25 category by the quartiles: WURS-25 score <40 → 0 (ref.)
cThe structured Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in adults, second edition (DIVA 2.0); number of symptom criteria met in childhood and adulthood assessed separately by the clinicians