Analysis 2.1. Comparison 2 Resource use and cost, Outcome 1 Health service use.

Health service use

Study	Heading 1	Heading 2
Brumley 2007	Controlling for survival, age, severity of illness and primary disease	Service costs were calculated using actual costs for contracted medical services in Colorado and proxy cost estimates for all services provided within the HMO as services within the HMO are not billed separately.
	Adjusted mean cost
	T=$12,670 sd $12,523
	C=$20,222 sd $30,026	Costs were based on figures from 2002
	Average cost per day incurred by those on intervention arm ($95.30) was significantly lower than that of comparator group ($212.80) (t = -2.417; P = .02).	Hospitalisation and emergency department cost estimates were calculated using aggregated data from more than 500,000 HMO patient records and include ancillary services such as laboratory and radiology. Costs of physician office visits included nurse and clerk expenses.
		Home health and palliative care visits were calculated using average time spent on each visit and multiplying that by the cost for each discipline’s reimbursement rate. Proxy costs generated for hospital days and emergency department visits were significantly lower than the actual costs received from contracted providers.
		Total cost variable was constructed by aggregating costs for physician visits, emergency department visits, hospital days, skilled nursing facility days and home health or palliative days accumulated from the point of study enrollment until the end of the study period or death
Grande 2000	GP workload in penultimate week of life: evening home visits
	Treatment mean 0.17 (0.46)
	Control mean 0.61 (1.42)
	Z = 2.295
	P < 0.022
	GP workload: night visits in penultimate week of life
	Treatment mean 0.04 (0.20)
	Control mean 0.26 (0.55)
	Z = 3.61
	P < 0.0003
	GP workload in last week of life:
	Evening home visits:
	Treatment mean 0.17 (0.46)
	Control mean: 0.61 (1.42)
	Number in each group:
	Treatment 150-1
	Control:37-8
	Night time visits
	Treatment mean: 0.04 (0.2)
	Control mean: 0.26 (0.55)
	Number in each group:
	Treatment 150-1
	Control:37-8
	Primary and secondary care services in last 2 weeks of life: failed to detect a difference
Hughes 1992	At 6 months:	95% CI not calculated as equal variances can not be assumed
	VA services
	outpatient visits mean (SD) at 6 months treatment: 0.73 (1.9) control: 2.59 (6.1) difference: 1.	Comparisons were made with 13 other types of service, these are not reported
	86
	p = 0.01