Fig. 1.

Out-of-Africa dispersal models. Spheres are approximate centroids of populations sampled (Table 1), connecting lines are dispersal routes, and arrows are geographical waypoints (Table S4). The eastward expansion (EE) model connects populations primarily along a latitudinal axis (10, 12). The beachcomber single dispersal (BSD) model connects populations primarily along a coastal route (7). The multiple dispersals model (MD) connects hypothetical relic populations along a southern route (dotted lines) and north Eurasians along a northern route (13). The multiple dispersals with isolation (MDI) model assumes that only Australo-Melanesian populations retain a strong southern route biological signal (8). For simplicity, a Holocene map outline is shown.