Fig. 3.

Deletion of ccpA, relA, or ldh from the chromosome of L. lactis M1gfp increases the fraction of Cel⁺ cells (green). Snapshots of time-lapse and -course experiments performed in G-C (0.1–1%) medium with different M1gfp deletion mutants. Overlays of phase-contrast and green fluorescence images are shown. The clumps of cells in the microscopy pictures resulted from their growth on agarose pads during time-lapse experiments and were chosen intentionally to show more cells in one picture. Neither L. lactis M1 nor its parent strain MG1363 forms aggregates under the conditions used in our experiments.