EXHIBIT 2.

Clinical Outcomes, Costs, And Health Care Use Per Participant Per Six Months, In The Pre And Post Periods

	Pre period	Post period	Difference	p value
CLINICAL OUTCOMES
HbA1c	7.9%	7.2%	−0.4%	0.01
Diabetes-specific quality of lifea	2.6	2.0	−0.6	0.01
COSTSb
Outpatient	$2,624	$1,754	−$ 893	0.02
ED	70	16	−54	0.13
Inpatient	460	27	−439	0.11
Totalc	3,084	1,780	−1,332	0.004
NUMBER OF:
Outpatient visits	6.37	5.04	−1.35	0.01
ED visits	0.068	0.015	−0.047	0.11
Inpatient admissions	0.047	0.015	−0.033	0.07
Inpatient days	0.101	0.030	−0.073	0.11

SOURCE Authors’ analysis of billing and electronic health record data. NOTES There were seventy-four participants in the pre period and in the post period, except for HbA1c (sixty-one participants in the post period) and diabetes-specific quality of life (seventy-one participants in the pre period and sixty-four in the post period). Not all “difference” values may appear to be correct because of rounding or difference in observations. HbA1c is hemoglobin A1c. ED is emergency department.

^aLower scores on the Brief Diabetes Distress Screening Instrument (see Note 17 in text) indicate higher quality of life. A score of 3 is the threshold for diabetes distress.

^bOn January 31, 2013, University of Chicago Medicine changed billing systems. Therefore, cost data for participants whose six-month enrollment period extended beyond this date were imputed from earlier records (<0.3 percent of days observed). In addition, we imputed costs and numbers of visits, admissions, and days for people who did not have continuous plan membership during the observation period (n = 20; controls only).

^cIncludes outpatient, ED, and inpatient costs but excludes prescription drug costs.