Table 1.

Comparison of modern body part thicknesses to traditional values.

Anatomic region	View1	Fuchs’ dimensions, 1948			Modern dimensions			Change in median thickness(%)
				Median thickness2	Thickness range	Incidence3	Median thickness2		Thickness range	Incidence3
				(mm)	(mm)	(%)	(mm)		(mm)	(%)
Fifth finger	AP/PA	28	15–40	34	14	11–18	99	−50
	LAT	28	15–40	63	16	12–19	99	−43
Third finger	AP/PA	28	15–40	91	17	13–22	99	−39
	LAT	28	15–40	99+	19	15–24	99	−32
Thumb	AP/PA	28	15–40	88	17	13–23	99	−39
	LAT	28	15–40	99+	21	16–27	99	−25
Hand	AP/PA	40	30–50	20	56	41–74	99	+40
	LAT	85	70–100	52	100	84–116	93	+18
Wrist	${\text{AP}/\text{PA}}^{*}$	45	30–60	92	36	29–51	99	−20
	LAT	65	50–80	83	55	45–66	98	−15
Elbow	LAT	80	70–90	59	71	64–80	87	−11
Upper frm	${\text{AP}}^{*}$	85	70–100	48	100	75–136	95	+18
	${\text{LAT}}^{*}$	85	70–100	48	100	76–134	94	+18
Foot	AP/PA	70	60–80	69	75	63–90	92	+7
	LAT	80	70–90	15	97	85–108	91	+21
Ankle	LAT	75	60–90	99	72	61–84	96	−4
Leg	${\text{AP}}^{*}$	110	100–120	36	124	106–150	85	+13
	${\text{LAT}}^{*}$	100	90–110	14	124	104–154	89	+24
Knee	LAT	105	90–120	93	102	89–114	92	−3
Thigh	AP	155	140–170	41	169	140–208	77	+9
	${\text{LAT}}^{*}$	145	130–160	2	196	174–227	76	+35
Vertebrae C1–C3	${\text{AP}}^{*}$	130	120–140	50	123	110–138	77	−5
Vertebrae C4–C7	${\text{AP}}^{*}$	125	110–140	79	123	100–154	98	−2
Cervical spine	LAT	115	100–130	37	136	110–171	90	+18
Thoracic spine	AP	220	200–240	15	271	235–321	76	+23
	LAT	300	280–320	35	327	283–372	81	+9
Lumbar spine	AP	200	180–220	38	224	194–254	69	+12
	LAT	295	270–320	52	288	234–326	77	−2
Pelvis (F)	AP	210	190–230	22	253	216–312	78	+20
Pelvis (M)	AP	210	190–230	42	234	210–263	78	+11
Skull	PA	195	180–210	82	191	171–212	96	−2
	LAT	155	140–170	90	150	138–162	88	−3
Sinuses-frontal	PA	195	180–210	82	191	170–213	97	−2
Sinuses-maxillary	PA	200	180–220	96	197	183–213	88	−2
Sinuses	LAT	150	130–170	99	150	135–166	96	0
Mandible	LAT	110	100–120	78	110	100–121	82	0
Chest	PA	225	200–250	25	271	231–329	82	+20
	LAT	295	270–320	39	327	280–376	84	+11

¹An asterisk indicates projections for which dimensions were approximated from PeopleSize using circumferences because direct measurements were unavailable.

²For Fuchs’ dimensions, the median is the center of the range given. For modern dimensions, the median is the 50th percentile measurement.

³The incidence is the proportion of the modern population that the thickness range includes.