Table 1.
Examples of anti-atherosclerosis immunization of experimental atherosclerosis animal models involving LDL or its related peptides.
| Animals | Immunogenes | Effect on atherosclerosis | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| LDLR-null rabbits | MDA-LDL | 1.5-fold decrease in the extent of aortic lesions | Palinski et al., 1995 |
| NZW rabbits on fat-rich diet | Native LDL or Cu2+-oxidized LDL | Reduction in aortic plaques by 74% (native LDL) and 48% (oxLDL) | Ameli et al., 1996 |
| LDLR-null mice | Native LDL or MDA-LDL | Reduction in aortic sinus plaques by 46.3% (MDA-LDL) and 36.9% (native LDL) | Freigang et al., 1998 |
| ApoE-null mice | MDA-LDL | 2.1-fold decrease in the size of aortic sinus lesions | George et al., 1998 |
| ApoE-null mice | apoB-100 peptides (p143 and p210) | Reduction in aortic atherosclerosis by 60% | Fredrikson et al., 2003 |
| ApoE-null mice | Native LDL | 1.7-fold decrease in the size of aortic sinus lesions | Chyu et al., 2004 |
| ApoE-null mice | apoB-100 peptides (p143 and p210) | Reduction of aortic atherosclerosis by 40% and plaque inflammation by 89% (p210) | Chyu et al., 2005 |
| LDLR-null mice | oxLDL or MDA-LDL | Attenuation of the initiation (30–71%) and progression (45%) of atherogenesis | van Puijvelde et al., 2006 |
| LDLR-null apoB-transgenic mice | apoB-100 peptides (p45 and p210) | Reduction of aortic atherosclerosis by 66% (p45) and 59% (p210) | Klingenberg et al., 2010 |
| ApoE-null mice | apoB peptide (p210) | Reduction in aortic sinus lesion size by 35% | Fredrikson et al., 2008 |
| ApoE-null mice | DCs pulsed with MDA-LDL | Significant increase in aortic lesion size and inflammation | Hjerpe et al., 2010 |
| LDLR-null mice | DCs pulsed with Cu2+-oxidized LDL | 87% decrease in carotid artery lesion size and increase in plaque stability | Habets et al., 2010 |
| LDLR-null mice | DCs transfected with FoxP3 mRNA | Reduction of Foxp3+ Tregs cells in several organs; increase in initial atherosclerotic lesion formation and in plaque cellularity | van Es et al., 2010 |
| LDLR-null apoB100-transgenic mice | DCs loaded with apoB-100 | 70% reduction in aortic lesions and inflammation | Hermansson et al., 2011 |
| ApoE-null mice | DCs loaded with apoB peptides (p2, p45, and p210) | 50% decrease in plaque development | Pierides et al., 2013 |
apo, apolipoprotein; FoxP3, forkhead box P3; LDL, low density lipoprotein; LDLR, LDL receptor; MDA-LDL, malonaldehyde-modified LDL; NZW, New Zealand White; oxLDL, oxidized LDL; Tregs, regulatory T cells.