Table 3.

Standardized Mean Difference Before and After Matching

	H1: Quality of infant care		H2: Quality of preschool care		H3: Quality of infant and preschool care
Variable	Early high vs. early low	High-low vs. low-low	Late high vs. late low	High-high vs. low-high	High-high vs. low-low	High-high vs. high-low	High-high vs. low-high
Age at outcome	24 months	54 months	54 months	54 months	54 months	54 months	54 months
Outcome and model
Cognitive
M1	0.36*** (0.07)
M2	0.28*** (0.05)
M3	0.28*** (0.05)
Memory
M1		0.34** (0.11)	0.15† (0.08)	0.17 (0.12)	0.38*** (0.10)	0.04 (0.11)	0.17 (0.12)
M2		0.25* (0.10)	0.06 (0.07)	0.15 (0.11)	0.14 (0.10)	−0.04 (0.11)	0.15 (0.11)
M3		0.20* (0.08)	0.05 (0.06)	0.10 (0.10)	0.16† (0.09)	−0.06 (0.09)	0.10 (0.10)
Language
M1		0.34** (0.11)	0.34*** (0.08)	0.29**(0.10)	0.63*** (0.10)	0.29** (0.10)	0.29** (0.10)
M2		0.10 (0.10)	0.18** (0.06)	0.12 (0.09)	0.33*** (0.08)	0.19* (0.09)	0.12 (0.09)
M3		0.08 (0.07)	0.19*** (0.05)	0.10 (0.08)	0.35*** (0.08)	0.21** (0.08)	0.10 (0.07)
Reading
M1		0.31** (0.11)	0.32*** (0.08)	0.29* (0.12)	0.61*** (0.11)	0.30** (0.11)	0.29* (0.12)
M2		0.11 (0.11)	0.26*** (0.06)	0.24* (0.11)	0.18† (0.09)	0.17 (0.11)	0.24* (0.11)
M3		0.09 (0.10)	0.28*** (0.06)	0.20* (0.09)	0.17* (0.08)	0.17† (0.10)	0.20* (0.09)
Math
M1		0.29** (0.11)	0.31*** (0.08)	0.23* (0.11)	0.56*** (0.10)	0.27** (0.10)	0.23* (0.11)
M2		0.19† (0.11)	0.23*** (0.07)	0.19* (0.10)	0.27** (0.08)	0.15 (0.09)	0.19* (0.10)
M3		0.17† (0.09)	0.22*** (0.05)	0.16† (0.09)	0.28*** (0.08)	0.15† (0.08)	0.16† (0.09)

Note. Standard errors are given in parentheses. H1–H3 = Hypotheses 1–3; M1 = Model 1 (standardized mean difference before matching); M2 = Model 2 (standardized mean difference after pairwise matching); M3 = Model 3 (pairwise propensity score matched sample including covariates in linear regression).

^†p < .1.

^*p < .05.

^**p < .01.

^***p < .001.