Table 1.
List of widespread non-indigenous species (NIS) in European Seas. The second column lists NIS recorded from 10 or more countries; the third column lists NIS first recorded after 1990 and reported from five or more countries. Columns 4 to 6, the number of countries in each region (BAL = Baltic, WEM = Western European Margin, MED = Mediterranean) where the NIS was recorded. In the last column the likely vectors of introduction are given; C = Canals; Cul = Culture, V = Vessels.
| Species name | Widespread NIS | Post-1990 widespread NIS | BAL | WEM | MED | Pathways |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acartia (Acanthacartia) tonsa Dana 1849 | x | 9 | 8 | 3 | V | |
| Anguillicoloides crassus (Kuwahara, Niimi & Itagaki 1974) | x | 9 | 9 | Cul | ||
| Asparagopsis armata Harvey 1855 | x | 6 | 10 | Cul (WEM) + V (MED) | ||
| Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan de Saint-Léon 1845 | x | 1 | 9 | Cul, V (WEM) + C, V (MED) | ||
| Austrominius modestus (Darwin 1854) | x | 9 | 1 | V | ||
| Bonnemaisonia hamifera Hariot 1891 | x | 1 | 11 | 4 | V (WEM, BAL) + Cul, V (MED) | |
| Botrylloides violaceus Oka 1927 | x | 7 | 1 | V | ||
| Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer 1870) | x | 11 | C | |||
| Bursatella leachii Blainville 1817 | x | 12 | C | |||
| Callinectes sapidus Rathbun 1896 | x | 2 | 7 | 14 | V | |
| Caprella mutica Schurin 1935 | x | 9 | V | |||
| Caprella scaura Templeton 1836 | x | x | 2 | 8 | Cul, V | |
| Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (Sonder) | x | x | 14 | V | ||
| Verlaque, Huisman & Boudouresque 2003 | ||||||
| Cercopagis (Cercopagis) pengoi (Ostroumov 1891) | x | 8 | V | |||
| Cerithium scabridum Philippi 1848 | x | 10 | C | |||
| Chama asperella Broderip 1835 | x | 5 | C | |||
| Codium fragile fragile (Suringar) Hariot 1889 | x | 1 | 8 | 11 | Cul, V | |
| Colpomenia peregrina Sauvageau 1927 | x | 1 | 9 | 7 | Cul | |
| Corella eumyota Traustedt 1882 | x | 5 | V | |||
| Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg 1793) | x | 2 | 11 | 11 | Cul | |
| Crepidula fornicata (Linnaeus 1758) | x | 1 | 10 | 4 | Cul | |
| Didemnum vexillum Kott 2002 | x | 4 | 1 | Cul, V | ||
| Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas 1771) | x | 6 | 6 | V | ||
| Ensis directus (Conrad 1843) | x | 2 | 8 | V | ||
| Ergalatax junionae Houart 2008 | x | 6 | C | |||
| Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne Edwards 1853 | x | 9 | 11 | 3 | V (WEM, BAL) + C, V (MED) | |
| Evadne anonyx G.O. Sars 1897 | x | 5 | V | |||
| Ficopomatus enigmaticus (Fauvel 1923) | x | 1 | 8 | 10 | V | |
| Fistularia commersonii Rüppell 1838 | x | x | 16 | C | ||
| Fulvia (Fulvia) fragilis (Forsskål in Niebuhr 1775) | x | 10 | C, V | |||
| Gammarus tigrinus Sexton 1939 | x | 7 | 6 | V | ||
| Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot 1904) | x | 5 | C | |||
| Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Ohmi) Papenfuss 1967 | x | x | 2 | 8 | 1 | Cul, V |
| Halophila stipulacea (Forsskål) Ascherson 1867 | x | 10 | C, V | |||
| Hemigrapsus sanguineus (De Haan 1835) | x | 4 | 2 | V | ||
| Hemigrapsus takanoi Asakura & Watanabe 2005 | x | 6 | Cul, V | |||
| Hemimysis anomala G. O. Sars 1907 | x | 6 | 5 | Cul (BAL) + C (ATL) | ||
| Hemiramphus far (Forsskål 1775) | x | 11 | C | |||
| Heterosiphonia japonica Yendo 1920 | x | 1 | 8 | 2 | Cul (WEM+MED); Cul, V (BAL) | |
| Hydroides dianthus (Verrill 1873) | x | 2 | 9 | V | ||
| Hydroides elegans (Haswell 1883) | x | 2 | 10 | V | ||
| Lagocephalus sceleratus (Gmelin 1789) | x | 7 | C | |||
| Lophocladia lallemandii (Montagne) F. Schmitz 1893 | x | 12 | C | |||
| Marenzelleria viridis (Verrill 1873) | x | 3 | 7 | V | ||
| Marsupenaeus japonicus (Spence Bate 1888) | x | 4 | 10 | C (MED) + Cul (WEM) | ||
| Mnemiopsis leidyi A. Agassiz 1865 | x | x | 4 | 6 | 8 | V |
| Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas 1814) | x | x | 9 | 2 | V | |
| Neosiphonia harveyi (J.W. Bailey) M.-S. Kim, H.-G. Choi, Guiry & G.W. Saunders 2001 | x | 1 | 9 | 6 | Cul | |
| Oculina patagonica de Angelis 1908 | x | 10 | V | |||
| Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792) | x | 9 | 8 | Cul | ||
| Palaemon macrodactylus Rathbun 1902 | x | 6 | 1 | V | ||
| Paraleucilla magna Klautau, Monteiro & Borojevic 2004 | x | 1 | 4 | Cul, V | ||
| Percnon gibbesi (H. Milne Edwards 1853) | x | x | 11 | V | ||
| Petricolaria pholadiformis (Lamarck 1818) | x | 2 | 7 | 1 | Cul | |
| Pinctada imbricata radiata (Leach 1814) | x | 1 | 14 | C (MED) + V (WEM) | ||
| Potamopyrgus antipodarum (J.E. Gray 1843) | x | 7 | 8 | Cul, V | ||
| Pseudodiaptomus marinus Sato 1913 | x | 4 | 1 | V | ||
| Pteragogus pelycus Randall 1981 | x | 6 | C | |||
| Rhithropanopeus harrisii (Gould 1841) | x | 8 | 7 | 3 | V | |
| Ruditapes philippinarum (Adams & Reeve 1850) | x | 8 | 6 | Cul | ||
| Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt 1955 | x | 1 | 10 | 2 | Cul | |
| Saurida macrolepis Tanaka 1917 | x | 10 | C | |||
| Sepioteuthis lessoniana Lesson 1830 | x | 5 | C | |||
| Siganus luridus (Rüppell 1829) | x | 13 | C | |||
| Siganus rivulatus Forsskål & Niebuhr 1775 | x | 10 | C | |||
| Sphyraena flavicauda Rüppell 1838 | x | 5 | C | |||
| Stephanolepis diaspros Fraser-Brunner 1940 | x | 12 | C | |||
| Styela clava Herdman 1881 | x | 1 | 9 | 1 | Cul, V | |
| Tricellaria inopinata d'Hondt & Occhipinti Ambrogi 1985 | x | 8 | 2 | Cul, V | ||
| Zoobotryon verticillatum (Delle Chiaje 1822) | x | 2 | 9 | V |