Table 1. Characteristics of 50,001 individuals with baseline data on gastroesophageal reflux disease in the Golestan Cohort Study (GCS).
| Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors | N (%) * | Clinical conditions | N (%) |
| Age, years (continuous) | 52.1 (9.0) |
Gastroesophageal reflux
Frequency |
|
| Sex | |||
| Women | 28785 (57.57) | Never | 19560 (39.12) |
| Men | 21216 (42.43) | <Weekly | 20471 (40.94) |
| Ethnicity | Weekly | 4029 (8.06) | |
| Non-Turkmen | 12786 (25.57) | Daily | 5915 (11.83) |
| Turkmen | 37215 (74.43) | Missing | 26 (0.05) |
| Residence | Initial onset | ||
| Rural | 39366 (78.73) | Never | 19498 (39.00) |
| Urban | 10634 (21.27) | <1 year ago | 5326 (10.65) |
| Education | 1 – 5 years ago | 12534 (25.07) | |
| No school | 35089 (70.18) | 6 – 10 years ago | 4444 (8.89) |
| 1 – 8th grade | 10698 (21.39) | >10 years ago | 7895 (15.79) |
| High School | 3150 (6.30) | Missing | 304 (0.61) |
| Higher | 1064 (2.13) | Severity | |
| Wealth score | Never | 19558 (39.12) | |
| Quintile 1- lowest | 13455 (26.91) | Mild | 4449 (8.90) |
| Quintile 2 | 8469 (16.94) | Moderate | 20315 (40.63) |
| Quintile 3 | 9790 (19.58) | Severe | 5663 (11.33) |
| Quintile 4 | 8345 (16.69) | Missing | 16 (0.03) |
| Quintile 5 | 9942 (19.88) | Severity of daily symptoms | |
| Body mass index (BMI) | Mild daily | 328 (0.66) | |
| <18.5 kg/m2 | 2410 (4.82) | Moderate daily | 3424 (6.85) |
| 18.5 – 24.9 | 17914 (35.84) | Severe daily | 2162 (4.32) |
| 25 – 29.9 | 16958 (33.92) | Missing | 37 (0.07) |
| ≥30 | 12710 (25.42) | Hypertension | |
| Physical activity | Normotensive | 28604 (57.46) | |
| Irregular non-intense | 30619 (61.44) | Hypertensive | 21177 (42.54) |
| Regular non-intense | 13524 (27.14) | Self-reported diabetes | |
| Regular or irregular intense | 5691 (11.42) | No | 46550 (93.10) |
| Cigarette smoking | Yes | 3451 (6.90) | |
| Never | 41409 (82.84) | Self-reported heart disease | |
| 0.1 – 5 pack-years | 2764 (5.53) | No | 46951 (93.90) |
| 5.1 – 10 | 1261 (2.52) | Yes | 3050 (6.10) |
| 10.1 – 20 | 1799 (3.60) | ||
| ≥20 | 2753 (5.51) | ||
| Ever hookah smoker | 533 (1.07) | ||
| Ever Nass chewer | 3773 (7.55) | ||
| Ever opium user | 8477 (16.95) | ||
| Ever alcohol drinker | 1727 (3.45) |
* For age, the value is the mean age (standard deviation). Numbers may not add to the column total because of missing data.