Table 4. The association of daily and severity of daily gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms with mortality (excluding those with ≤weekly symptoms).
| GERD symptoms | Overall mortality | Circulatory mortality | Cancer mortality | Esophageal cancer (EC) mortality | ||||||||
| N | HR1 (95% CI) | HR2 (95% CI) | N | HR1 (95% CI) | HR2 (95% CI) | N | HR1 (95% CI) | HR2 (95% CI) | N | HR1 (95% CI) | HR2 (95% CI) | |
|
All participants
Any daily symptoms |
||||||||||||
| No | 1240 | Referent | Referent | 656 | Referent | Referent | 269 | Referent | Referent | 55 | Referent | Referent |
| Yes | 425 | 1.13 (1.01-1.27) | 1.04 (0.92-1.16) | 215 | 1.05 (0.89-1.23) | 0.89 (0.76-1.05) | 97 | 1.23 (0.97-1.57) | 1.25 (0.98-1.60) | 21 | 1.30 (0.76-2.22) | 1.38 (0.81-2.36) |
| Severity | ||||||||||||
| Never | 1240 | Referent | Referent | 656 | Referent | Referent | 269 | Referent | Referent | 55 | Referent | Referent |
| Mild | 18 | 0.88 (0.55-1.42) | 0.85 (0.52-1.40) | 11 | 1.04 (0.57-1.89) | 0.98 (0.52-1.84) | 6 | 1.35 (0.56-3.28) | 1.38 (0.57-3.36) | 1 | Incalculable | Incalculable |
| Moderate | 235 | 1.07 (0.92-1.23) | 0.98 (0.85-1.14) | 125 | 1.03 (0.85-1.26) | 0.89 (0.73-1.09) | 51 | 1.12 (0.82-1.52) | 1.12 (0.82-1.53) | 11 | 1.23 (0.63-2.40) | 1.29 (0.66-2.51) |
| Severe | 172 | 1.27 (1.08-1.49) | 1.14 (0.97-1.35) | 79 | 1.07 (0.85-1.36) | 0.87 (0.69-1.11) | 40 | 1.40 (1.00-1.97) | 1.48 (1.04-2.05) | 9 | 1.57 (0.76-3.25) | 1.73 (0.84-2.58) |
| p for trend | 0.01 | 0.31 | 0.54 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.22 | 0.14 | ||||
|
After exclusion of first 2 years of follow-up
Any daily symptoms |
||||||||||||
| No | 916 | Referent | Referent | 479 | Referent | Referent | 204 | Referent | Referent | 44 | Referent | Referent |
| Yes | 304 | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 160 | 1.06 (0.88–1.27) | 0.92 (0.76–1.11) | 65 | 1.12 (0.83–1.50) | 1.13 (0.84–1.52) | 13 | 1.04 (0.54–2.01) | 1.10 (0.56–2.14) |
| Severity | ||||||||||||
| Never | 916 | Referent | Referent | 479 | Referent | Referent | 204 | Referent | Referent | 44 | Referent | Referent |
| Mild | 14 | 0.90 (0.52–1.55) | 0.86 (0.49–1.52) | 9 | 1.14 (0.59–2.21) | 1.06 (0.53–2.14) | 5 | 1.41 (0.52–3.80) | 1.45 (0.54–3.91) | 1 | Incalculable | Incalculable |
| Moderate | 163 | 1.00 (0.84–1.18) | 0.93 (0.78–1.00) | 93 | 1.04 (0.83–1.31) | 0.92 (0.73–1.15) | 27 | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) | 0.80 (0.53–1.21) | 5 | 0.75 (0.29–1.91) | 0.77 (0.30–1.99) |
| Severe | 127 | 1.26 (1.04–1.53) | 1.17 (0.96–1.42) | 58 | 1.07 (0.81–1.41) | 0.91 (0.69–1.21) | 33 | 1.58 (1.09–2.31) | 1.63 (1.12–2.39) | 7 | 1.65 (0.72–3.74) | 1.81 (0.79–4.14) |
| p for trend | 0.08 | 0.49 | 0.58 | 0.38 | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.58 | 0.45 | ||||
CI: Confidence interval; GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; HR: Hazard ratio; N: Number of deaths.
HR1 (95% CIs) are adjusted for the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors shown in Table 1; HR2 (95% CIs) are additionally adjusted for hypertension, self-reported diabetes and heart disease. The severity of symptoms here is defined as: mild, the study participant did not feel the symptoms unless they actively paid attention; moderate, the study participant felt the symptoms without active attention, but they did not interfere with daily work; severe, symptoms interfering with daily work or causing nighttime awakenings.