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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 27.
Published in final edited form as: Bone. 2007 Oct 17;42(2):332–340. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2007.10.004

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

TGFβ3 control-released from microencapsulation regulates mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. (a) Scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of fabricated poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres encapsulating TGFβ3 showing intact spherical surface morphology. (b) PLGA microspheres (green arrows) incorporated in collagen carrier. (c) In vitro release profile of TGFβ3 from PLGA microspheres in collagen carrier expressed as released TGFβ3 per unit implant volume (ng/mL) per week up to the tested 28 days. Osteogenic differentiation of MSCs progressed as increased alkaline phosphatase (red) and von Kossa (black) stainings (MN = mineral nodule) (d, h and i). Controlled release of TGFβ3 at multiple doses attenuated the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs with increasingly pronounced effects at the dose of 1.35 ng/mL for the tested 28 days (e–f, i–k, and m–o). Alkaline phosphatase and von Kossa staining (d through o).