Table 1.
Characteristics of included studies
| Reference | Country | Recruitment and sample | Mean age, years (± SD) | % Male | Mean FEV1% predicted and GOLD severity stage | HRQoL measures and mean scores | Psychological measures and mean scores | Length of follow-up |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ng et al42 | Singapore | 376 consecutive patients hospitalized for acute exacerbations between April 2002 and October 2004. FEV1 <70% predicted, with or without chronic cough and sputum. Current or ex-smoker with history of ≥20 pack years |
Not depressed (n=209) 71.1±8.2 Depressed (n=167) 73.5±8.5 |
Total 85.1 (n=320) Not depressed 85.6 (n=179) Depressed 84.4 (n=141) |
Not depressed (n=209) 48.2±20.2 Depressed (n=167) 47.3±21.8 Stage III, severe COPD |
SGRQ Not depressed 42.4 (SE 3.4) Depressed 52.4 (SE 3.1) |
HADS 44.4% (n=167) depressed at baseline (score of ≥8 on HAD-D) |
6 months and 1 year mean 313±13 days |
| Oga et al39 | Japan | 137 consecutive male outpatients between September 1995 and April 1997. Moderate to very severe COPD (maximal FEV1/FVC ratio of <0.7 and post-bronchodilator FEV1 <80% of predicted normal). Smoking history of >20 pack years |
69.0±0.6 | 100% (n=137) | 45.9 (SE 1.3) Stage III, severe COPD |
SGRQ, Japanese version 36.2 (SE 1.4) CRQ, Japanese version 5.4 (SE 0.08) |
HADS-Japanese version HAD-D 3.9 (SE 0.3) HAD-A 4.7 (SE 0.3) |
5 years |
| Andenaes et al43 | Norway | 92 hospital patients diagnosed with COPD between September 1997 and February 2000 | 67.6±9.5 | 41.2 (n=21) | 39.8±16.5 Stage III, severe COPD | SGRQ 65.9±10.9 WHOQOL-BREF physical 10.6±2.1 psychological 13.1±2.5 social 14.8±1.9 environmental 13.5±1.9 |
HSCL-25 2.1±0.5 |
1 month post-discharge, 6 and 9 months |
| Engstrom et al44 | Sweden | 68 hospital outpatients, every tenth outpatient at Department of Pulmonary Medicine.FEV1 <80% predicted, 40–75 years, stratified into 3 groups: FEV1 <30% (22.3%, n=21); 30%–50% (36.4%, 50%–80% 64.1±6.4 n=25); 50%–80% (60.9, n=22) | Overall 64.6±6.8 <30% 64.1±6.8 30%–50% 64.8±7.3 50%–80% 64.1±6.4 |
Overall 63.2 (n= 43) <30% 57.1 (n=12) 30%–50% 64.0 (n=16) 50%–80% 68.2 (n=15) |
39.9±17.0 Stage III (severe COPD) | SGRQ 46.0±18.3 <30% 54.3±14.6 30%–50% 47.5±17.1 50%–80% 36.4±19.1 SIP-Swedish version 8.5±8.1 <30% 10.6±7.0 30%–50% 9.9±9.3 50%–80% 4.9±6.8 |
HADS-Swedish version HAD-D 5.2±4.5 HAD-A 4.4±3.8 MACL 3.0±0.6 <30% 2.9±0.5 30%–50% 3.1±0.5 50%–80% 3.1±0.8 |
12 months |
| Graydon et al45 | Canada | 143 hospital outpatients, FEV1 <50% predicted (severe COPD) Data analysed for 71 patients who completed follow up | 66.4 (SD not reported) | 67.6 (n=48) | 31.73±8.62 Stage III (severe COPD) | SIP 16.4±10.2 | POMS (negative mood scales) 38.0±28.6 | 30 months |
| Coventry et al40 | UK | 79 patients admitted for acute exacerbation and referred to nurse-led early discharge service FEV1 <80% predicted | 65.3±9.9 | 44 (n=56) | 42.2±18.4 Stage III (severe COPD) | SGRQ 58.8±14.6 | HADS HAD-D 7.0±3.8 HAD-A 8.8±4.3 HAD total 15.8±7.0 |
90 days and 365 days |
Abbreviations: FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; GOLD, Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; HRQoL, health-related quality of life; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; FVC, forced vital capacity; CRQ, Chronic Respiratory Questionnaire; HAD-A, Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale anxiety subscale; HAD-D, Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale depression subscale; WHOQOL-BREF, World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument; HSCL-25, Hopkins Symptoms Checklist; MACL, Mood Adjective Checklist; SIP, Sickness Impact Profile; POMS, Profile of Mood States; SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error.