Table 1.
Simple surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity
| Surrogate | Formula | Correlation with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in children1 | References | Sample Size | Population | Age (years) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||
| Fasting measures | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Insulin | If | 0.82 | (67) | 188 | NGT/IGT/T2D/T1D/PCOS, OW | 10–19 |
| 1/If | 0.92 | (70) | 156 | NGT/IGT/PCOS | 8–19 | |
| .48–.52 | (71) | 323 | Lean/OW | 13–15 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Glucose to insulin ratio | Gf/If | 0.78 | (43) | 31 | OW | 6–11 |
| 0.92 | (67) | 188 | NGT/IGT/T2D/T1D/PCOS, OW | 10–19 | ||
| .25–.48 | (70) | 156 | NGT/IGT/PCOS | 8–19 | ||
| .37 | (71) | 323 | Lean/OW | 13–15 | ||
|
| ||||||
| HOMA-1 | IfxGf/22.5 | 0.81 | (43) | 31 | OW | 6–11 |
| HOMA-IS | 22.5/IfxGf | 0.91 | (67) | 188 | NGT/IGT/T2D/T1D/PCOS, OW | 10–19 |
| .49–.53 | (68) | 38 | NGT/IGT, OW | 8–18 | ||
| .51 | (70) | 156 | NGT/IGT/PCOS | 8–19 | ||
| 0.57 | (71) | 323 | Lean/OW | 13–15 | ||
|
| ||||||
| HOMA-2 | Calculated using computer software | No studies | ||||
|
| ||||||
| QUICKI | 1/[logIf + log(Gfx18)] | 0.80 | (43) | 31 | OW | 6–11 |
| 0.91 | (67) | 188 | NGT/IGT/T2D/T1D/PCOS, OW | 10–19 | ||
| .43–.54 | (70) | 156 | NGT/IGT/PCOS | 8–19 | ||
| .69 | (71) | 323 | Lean/OW | 13–15 | ||
|
| ||||||
| eIS | Loge[eIS] = 4.64725 − 0.02032 x waist − 0.09779 x A1c − 0.00235 x TG | 0.62–0.65 | (72) | 107 | NGT/T1D/T2D | 12–19 |
|
| ||||||
| IRS | IRS = 24.31 − 12.22 x WHR − 3.29 x HTN − 0.57 x A1c | No studies | ||||
|
| ||||||
| OGTT-derived measures | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Matsuda index | 104/([Gfx18] x If x [mean GOGTTx18] x mean IOGTT)0.5 | 0.77 | (67) | 188 | NGT/IGT/T2D/T1D/PCOS, OW | 10–19 |
| 0.78 | (68) | 38 | NGT/IGT, OW | 8–18 | ||
|
| ||||||
| Belfiore index | 2/(IAUC x G AUC + 1) | No studies | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Stumvoll index | 18.8 − 0.271xBMI − 0.0052xI120 − 0.27xG90 | No studies | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Gutt index | (75000 + (Gf − G120) x 0.19 x body weight)/(120 min x [(Gf + G120)/2] x log [(If + I120)/2]) | No studies | ||||
|
| ||||||
| Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) | [1.9/6 x body weight x Gf + 520 − 1.9/18 x body weight x GAUC) − urinary glucose]/[IAUC x body weight] | 0.74 | (68) | 38 | NGT/IGT, OW | 8–18 |
Absolute value of Pearson correlation coefficient
Body weight is measured in kg; Height is measured in meters; Waist, circumference measured in centimeters; BMI, body mass index (body weight/height2).
Gf, fasting glucose (mmol/L); G90, glucose at 90 minutes after oral glucose load; G120, glucose at 120 minutes after oral glucose load; GAUC, area under the curve for glucose during oral glucose tolerance testing (calculated using trapezoidal method); Mean GOGTT, mean glucose during 120 minute oral glucose tolerance test; If, fasting insulin (microunits per mL); I120, insulin at 120 minutes after oral glucose load; IAUC, area under the curve for glucose during oral glucose tolerance testing (calculated using trapezoidal method); Mean IOGTT, mean insulin during 120 minute oral glucose tolerance test
A1c, hemoglobin A1c (%)
HTN, hypertension (1=yes, 0=no)
TG, triglyceride (mg/dL)
WHR, waist to hip circumference ratio
eIS, estimated insulin resistance score
IRS, insulin resistance score
NGT, normal glucose tolerance; IGT, impaired glucose tolerance; T1D, type 1 diabetes; T2D, type 2 diabetes
OW, overweight or obese
PCOS, polycystic ovarian syndrome