Table 2. Kinetic and kinematic differences between the sound and prosthetic limbs within every suspension type; Mean (95% CI).
| Parameters | Seal-In | P value | MD (CI) | d | Pin/lock | P value | MD (CI) | d | MPSS | P value | MD (CI) | d | |||
| Sound | Prosthesis | Sound | Prosthesis | Sound | Prosthesis | ||||||||||
| Step length (m) | 0.57 (0.53–0.61) | 0.61 (0.55–0.66) | 0.320 | 0.04 (−0.84–3.09) | 0.1 | 0.54 (0.47–0.62) | 0.62 (0.54–0.69) | 0.134 | 0.08 (−0.03–0.17) | 0.5 | 0.56 (0.5–0.62) | 0.59 (0.51–0.67) | 0.536 | 0.03 (−0.07–0.12) | 0.2 |
| Cadence (step/min) | 94.09 (92.73–95.46) | 95.21 (94.02–96.41) | 0.183 | 1.12 (−0.85–3.09) | 0.2 | 93.03 (91.77–94.3) | 95.60 (94.13–97.25) | 0.031 | 2.57 (0.28–4.03) | 0.4 | 93.03 (91.77–94.3) | 95.06 (93.37–96.75) | 0.145 | 2.03 (−0.73–4.4) | 0.6 |
| Stance time (% of gait cycle) | 65.56 (64.1–67.03) | 62.28 (60.89–63.70) | 0.002 | 3.28 (−5.11–−1.45) | 1.3 | 66.7 (65.53–67.87) | 60.73 (59.74–61.73) | <0.001 | 5.97 (−7.38–−4.55) | 3.4 | 65.57 (64.34–66.8) | 62.31 (61.19–63.42) | 0.001 | 3.26 (−4.77–−1.75) | 1.7 |
| Swing time (% of gait cycle) | 34.46 (33.31–35.61) | 37.70 (65.60–67.80) | 0.001 | 32.24 (30.74–33.75) | 1.4 | 33.32 (31.64–35) | 38.30 (36.95–39.65) | <0.001 | 4.98 (3.32–6.64) | 2.1 | 34.14 (32.75–35.52) | 37.56 (36.39–38.73) | 0.001 | 3.42 (1.83–5.02) | 1.7 |
| Vertical GRF, 1st peak (%BW) | 121.11 (118.05–124.17) | 99.68 (97.15–102.22) | <0.001 | 21.43 (−25.15–−17.7) | 4.8 | 126.68 (123.88–129.48) | 104.22 (101.58–106.87) | <0.001 | 22.46 (−26.03–−18.89) | 4.9 | 115.27 (109.13–121.42) | 96.42 (91.84–101.02) | <0.001 | 18.85 (−25.2–−12.49) | 2.3 |
| Vertical GRF, 2nd peak (%BW) | 101.99 (99.59–104.4) | 102.63 (100.19–105.06) | 0.706 | 0.64 (−1.69–2.96) | 0.1 | 101.12 (98.87–103.38) | 99.09 (96.34–101.85) | 0.301 | 2.03 (−6.12–2.06) | 0.4 | 105.18 (102.38–107.98) | 91.69 (88.51–94.87) | <0.001 | 13.49 (−17.49–−9.49) | 2.4 |
| Fore-aft GRF, 1st peak (%BW) | 7.86 (7.1–8.62) | 5.45 (4.79–6.12) | <0.001 | 2.41 (−3.34–−1.47) | 2.1 | 9.34 (8.4–10.28) | 4.66 (3.98–5.35) | <0.001 | 4.68 (−5.7––3.66) | 3.9 | 9.86 (8.94–10.78) | 4.11 (3.43–4.80) | <0.001 | 5.75 (−6.87–−4.61) | 4.8 |
| Fore-aft GRF, 2nd peak (%BW) | −7.51 (−8.25–−6.77) | −8.10 (–8.76– −7.43) | 0.208 | 0.59 (−1.37–0.19) | 0.5 | −7.13 (−8.84– −6.45) | −8.11 (−8.91– −7.31) | 0.058 | 0.98 (−2.04–0.04) | 0.7 | −7.01 (−8.10– −6.25) | −7.41 (−8.13– −6.69) | 0.390 | 0.40 (−1.25–0.52) | 0.3 |
| Hip position-initial contact | 35.89 (33.81–37.97) | 32.8 (30.95–34.65) | 0.193 | 3.09 (−5.38–−0.8) | 0.9 | 32.6 (30.94–34.26) | 33.11 (31.04–35.17) | 0.543 | 0.51 (−1.26–2.27) | 0.2 | 34.15 (32.11–35.81) | 33.04 (31.08–35.00) | 0.318 | 1.11 (−3.44–1.21) | 0.4 |
| Max Hip Ext | −2.13 (−2.46–−1.81) | 3.06 (2.71–3.42) | <0.001 | 5.19 (4.83–5.56) | 3.6 | −2.42 (−2.98–−1.85) | 2.62 (2.18–3.05) | <0.001 | 5.04 (4.36–5.71) | 3.6 | −2.42 (−2.75– −1.67) | 2.5 (1.97–3.04) | <0.001 | 4.92 (4.29–5.53) | 5.4 |
| Hip ROM | 38.42 (37.37–39.47) | 37.31 (35.83–38.79) | 0.193 | 1.11 (−2.66–0.43) | 0.5 | 37.23 (35.03–38.80) | 36.13 (34.92–37.33) | 0.121 | 1.1 (−2.55–0.34) | 0.5 | 37.52 (35.67–39.45) | 36.7 (35.25–38.16) | 0.261 | 0.82 (−2.18–0.65) | 0.4 |
| Knee position-initial contact | 1.41 (1.14–1.67) | 5.4 (4.55–6.25) | <0.001 | 3.99 (3.12–4.87) | 3.8 | 4.1 (3.17–5.02) | 5.73 (4.9–6.57) | 0.022 | 1.63 (0.28–2.99) | 1.1 | 3.9 (3.35–4.45) | 5.53 (4.34–6.71) | 0.023 | 1.63 (0.27–2.98) | 1.1 |
| Max Knee Flex-stance | 15.12 (14.09–16.15) | 13.72 (12.59–14.86) | 0.059 | 1.40 (−2.98–0.18) | 0.8 | 13.43 (11.86–15.01) | 12.47 (11.08–13.85) | 0.302 | 0.96 (−2.93–0.99) | 0.4 | 14.24 (12.66–15.82) | 12.84 (11.5–14.19) | 0.235 | 1.40 (−3.83–1.04) | 0.6 |
| Max Knee Flex-swing | 55.17 (53.58–56.75) | 75.40 (73.21–77.57) | <0.001 | 20.23 (17.32–23.13) | 6.4 | 52.52 (51.08–53.96) | 66.92 (64.77–69.08) | <0.001 | 14.4 (11.49–17.32) | 4.7 | 54.02 (52.06–55.97) | 70.81 (68.7–72.93) | <0.001 | 16.79 (14.21–19.38) | 5.0 |
| Knee ROM | 56.14 (54.57–57.7) | 70.68 (68.34–73.04) | <0.001 | 14.54 (11.54–17.57) | 4.4 | 52.61 (51.12–54.09) | 61.42 (58.99–63.81) | <0.001 | 8.81 (6.28–11.31) | 2.7 | 52.79 (51.28–54.3) | 58.25 (56.55–59.94) | <0.001 | 5.46 (3.02–7.89) | 2.1 |
| Ankle position-initial contact | 2.12 (1.59–2.65) | −0.81 (−1.21– −0.41) | <0.001 | 2.93 (−3.67–−2.19) | 3.8 | –4.21 (−4.88–−3.54) | 0.27 (0.07–0.46) | <0.001 | 4.48 (3.76–5.19) | 5.5 | −2.29 (−2.81–−1.77) | −0.6 (−0.93– −0.28) | <0.001 | 1.69 (1.01–2.37) | 2.3 |
| Max ankle PF-stance | −6.68 (−8.33–−5.02) | −7.19 (−8.3– −6.07) | 0.583 | 0.51 (−2.75–1.73) | 0.2 | −5.92 (−7.23–−4.62) | −5.89 (−6.98– −4.81) | 0.951 | 0.03 (−1.09–1.15) | 0.0 | −6.12 (−7.41–−4.82) | −3.02 (−3.73– −2.31) | 0.002 | 3.10 (1.42–4.77) | 1.8 |
| Max ankle DF-stance | 7.3 (6.23–8.37) | 14.49 (13.34–15.63) | <0.001 | 7.19 (5.44–8.93) | 3.9 | 8.09 (7.07–9.1) | 15.11 (14.24–15.98) | <0.001 | 7.02 (5.72–8.32) | 4.5 | 7.92 (6.78–9.06) | 14.67 (13.93–15.41) | <0.001 | 6.75 (5.43–8.06) | 4.2 |
| Max ankle PF-swing | −13.2 (−14.7–−11.7) | 0.33 (0.12–0.55) | <0.001 | 13.53 (12.02–15.05) | 7.6 | −12.15 (−13.2–−11.1) | 1.37 (1.13–1.67) | <0.001 | 13.52 (12.45–14.64) | 5.7 | −12.17 (−13.05–−11.29) | 1.13 (0.93–1.33) | <0.001 | 13.30 (12.38–14.21) | 5.2 |
| Ankle ROM | 20.67 (19.1–22.24) | 21.73 (20.35–23.1) | 0.280 | 1.06 (−1.23–3.35) | 0.4 | 20.08 (18.68–21.48) | 20.87 (19.32–22.43) | 0.508 | 0.79 (−1.74–3.33) | 0.3 | 20.25 (18.5–21.99) | 20.69 (19.55–21.83) | 0.700 | 0.44 (−2.00–2.88) | 0.2 |
CI = Confidence interval; PF = plantar flexion; DF = dorsiflexion; Flex = flexion; Ext = extension; ROM = range of motion; MD = mean difference.
*Values of significance (P<0.05) have been shown in bold.
d equals to values of Cohen’s d; 0.2 = small, 0.5 = medium, >0.8 = large.