. 2014 May 27;9(5):e96988. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096988

Table 3. Comparison of kinetics and kinematic variables with regards to the suspension system type in the prosthetic limb.

Parameter	Suspension type			P value	Effect size
	Mean (95% CI)
	Seal-In	Pin/lock	MPSS
Step length (m)	0.61	0.62	0.60	0.817	0.03
	(0.55–0.66)	(0.54–0.69)	(0.51–0.67)
Cadence (step/min)	95.2	95.70	95.06	0.844	0.14
	(94.02–96.41)	(94.13–97.25)	(93.37–96.75)
Velocity (m/s)	0.94	0.91	0.98	0.075	0.23
	(0.91–0.98)	(0.86–0.96)	(0.95–1.01)
Stride length (m)	1.21	1.12	1.08	0.118	0.16
	(1.14–1.29)	(1.03–1.20)	(0.95–1.22)
Stance time (% of gait cycle)	62.28	61.73	62.50	0.062	0.39
	(60.89–63.70)	(59.74–61.73)	(61.19–63.42)
Swing time (% of gait cycle)	37.70	38.30	37.56	0.435	0.06
	(65.60–67.80)	(36.95–39.65)	(36.39–38.73)
Vertical GRF, 1st peak (%BW)	99.68	104.22^a ^,c	96.42^b	<0.001 ^*	0.52
	(97.15–102.22)	(101.58–106.87)	(91.84–101.02)
Vertical GRF, 2nd peak (%BW)	102.63	99.09	91.69^a ^, ^b	<0.001 ^*	0.61
	(100.19–105.06)	(96.34–101.85)	(88.51–94.87)
Fore-aft GRF, 1st peak (%BW)	5.45	4.66^a	4.11^a ^, ^b	0.003 ^*	0.65
	(4.79–6.12)	(3.98–5.35)	(3.43–4.80)
Fore-aft GRF, 2nd peak (%BW)	−8.02	−8.11	−7.41	0.095	0.34
	(−8.76–−7.43)	(−8.91–−7.31)	(−8.13–−6.69)
Hip position-initial contact	32.8	33.11	33.04	0.931	0.006
	(30.95–34.65)	(31.04–35.17)	(31.08–35)
Max Hip Ext	3.06	2.62	2.5	0.210	0.12
	(2.71–3.42)	(2.18–3.05)	(1.97–3.04)
Hip ROM	37.31	36.13	36.7	0.278	0.10
	(35.83–38.79)	(34.92–37.33)	(35.25–38.16)
Knee position-initial contact	5.4	5.73	5.53	0.876	0.01
	(4.55–6.25)	(4.9–6.57)	(4.34–6.71)
Max Knee Flex -stance	13.72	12.47	12.8	0.291	0.09
	(12.59–14.86)	(11.08–13.85)	(11.5–14.19)
Max Knee Flex-swing	75.40	66.92^a	70.81^a ^, ^b	<0.001 ^*	0.60
	(73.21–77.57)	(64.77–69.08)	(68.7–72.93)
Knee ROM	70.68	61.42^a	58.25^a	<0.001 ^*	0.79
	(68.34–73.04)	(58.99–63.81)	(56.55–59.94)
Ankle position-initial contact	−0.81	0.27^a	−0.6^b	0.001 ^*	0.71
	(−1.21–−0.41)	(0.07–0.46)	(−0.93–−0.28)
Max ankle PF-stance	−7.19	−5.89	−3.02^a ^, ^b	<0.001 ^*	0.80
	(−8.3–−6.07)	(−6.98–−4.81)	(−3.73–−2.31)
Max ankle DF-stance	14.49	15.11	14.67	0.556	0.04
	(13.34–15.63)	(14.24–15.98)	(13.93–15.41)
Max ankle PF-swing	0.33	1.37^a	1.13^a	<0.001 ^*	0.76
	(0.12–0.55)	(1.13–1.67)	(0.93–1.33)
Ankle ROM	21.73	20.8	20.69	0.417	0.07
	(20.35–23.1)	(19.32–22.43)	(19.55–21.83)

CI = Confidence interval; PF = plantar flexion; DF = dorsiflexion; Flex = flexion; Ext = extension; ROM = range of motion.

Mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level compared with the Seal-In suspension.

Mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level compared with the pin/lock suspension.

*shows significant differences among the three suspension systems.