Table 1.
Age-standardized covariate distribution across categories of maternal fish intake during pregnancy in the Danish National Birth Cohort, N= 28,9351
| Frequency of fish intake | N (%) | Warm meal and sandwich each week, high frequency N=3,521 % or means (SD) | Warm meal and sandwich each week, low frequency N=6,931 % or means (SD) | Warm meal each month, sandwich each week N=10,486 % or means (SD) | Warm meal and sandwich each month / less than each month N=6,548 % or means (SD) | Zero intake N=1,449 % or means (SD) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years)* | ||||||
| ≤ 20 | 206 (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 |
| 21 – 39 | 28,381 (98) | 98 | 98 | 99 | 98 | 95 |
| ≥ 40 | 349 (1) | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| ≤ 18.5 | 1,254 (5) | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 6 |
| 18.6 – 24.9 | 19,372 (69) | 74 | 74 | 69 | 64 | 62 |
| 25.0 – 29.9 | 5,262 (19) | 14 | 16 | 20 | 22 | 20 |
| 30.0 – 34.9 | 1,601 (6) | 4 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| ≥ 35.0 | 581 (2) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Yes | 11,289 (39) | 47 | 45 | 38 | 33 | 30 |
| Smoking in pregnancy | ||||||
| Nonsmoker | 21,812 (75) | 76 | 78 | 76 | 74 | 60 |
| Occasional smoker | 3,670 (13) | 13 | 13 | 13 | 12 | 16 |
| <15 cigarettes/day | 2,946 (10) | 10 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 20 |
| ≥15 cigarettes/day | 508 (2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 |
| Parity | ||||||
| Nullipara | 13,520 (47) | 42 | 46 | 44 | 52 | 56 |
| Socioeconomic position | ||||||
| High level proficiencies | 6,627 (24) | 31 | 31 | 22 | 19 | 13 |
| Medium level proficiencies | 8,508 (31) | 31 | 34 | 33 | 28 | 19 |
| Skilled | 7,100 (26) | 19 | 20 | 27 | 32 | 38 |
| Unskilled | 3,069 (11) | 10 | 8 | 11 | 14 | 21 |
| Students | 1,155 (4) | 6 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| Unemployed | 712 (3) | 3 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 5 |
| Breastfeeding duration | ||||||
| No breastfeeding | 355 (2) | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 0-1 months | 1,661 (8) | 6 | 6 | 7 | 11 | 17 |
| 2-3 months | 2,025 (10) | 7 | 8 | 9 | 12 | 18 |
| 4-6 months | 3,649 (18) | 15 | 16 | 17 | 21 | 20 |
| 7-9 months | 5,508 (27) | 26 | 28 | 29 | 25 | 17 |
| ≥10 months | 7,303 (36) | 44 | 40 | 36 | 28 | 23 |
| Maternal asthma | ||||||
| Yes | 2,464 (9) | 9 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 14 |
| Maternal allergies | ||||||
| Yes | 9,083 (31) | 33 | 32 | 31 | 32 | 34 |
| Paternal asthma | ||||||
| Yes | 2,230 (8) | 8 | 8 | 7 | 7 | 10 |
| Paternal allergies | ||||||
| Yes | 6,829 (24) | 25 | 26 | 24 | 22 | 22 |
| Child sex | ||||||
| Male | 14,707 (51) | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 | 51 |
| Gestational weight gain (g/week) | 21,265 | 462 (218) | 459 (204) | 464 (207) | 465 (217) | 461 (260) |
| Birth weight (g) | 27,800 | 3,599 (540) | 3,623 (545) | 3,637 (539) | 3,577 (559) | 3,521 (583) |
| Gestational age (days) | 28,929 | 281 (12) | 281 (11) | 281 (11) | 281 (11) | 280 (13) |
| Dietary intake | ||||||
| Energy intake (kJ/day) | 21,854 | 10,863 (2,824) | 10,341 (2,589) | 10,239 (2,494) | 9,631 (2,617) | 9,679 (3,085) |
| Fruit intake (g/day) | 21,950 | 378 (269) | 354 (256) | 316 (236) | 291 (269) | 316 (347) |
| Vegetable intake (g/day) | 21,950 | 182 (134) | 158 (109) | 124 (92) | 104 (87) | 113 (104) |
| ALA intake (g/day) | 21,854 | 2.1 (0.5) | 2.0 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.5) | 2.0 (0.7) | 1.9 (0.5) |
| LA intake (g/day) | 21,854 | 9.5 (1.9) | 9.3 (1.8) | 9.5 (2.0) | 9.3 (2.3) | 8.9 (2.2) |
| Total vitamin A (RE/day) | 21,854 | 3,264 (74,013) | 1,933 (45,7015) | 1,699 (37,345) | 1,474 (13,532) | 1,265 (670) |
| Total vitamin D (μg/day) | 21,854 | 10.5 (5.9) | 9.8 (5.5) | 8.7 (5.1) | 8.3 (5.4) | 7.4 (5.2) |
| Total vitamin E (α-TE/day) | 21,854 | 17.4 (25.2) | 15.9 (14.1) | 15.2 (13.6) | 14.6 (12.1) | 14.4 (15.8) |
| Total selenium (μg/day) | 21,854 | 77.6 (31.4) | 74.9 (26.9) | 71.7 (26.8) | 66.4 (26.5) | 60.9 (28.0) |
| Total zinc (mg/day) | 21,854 | 19.4 (7.7) | 20.0 (8.1) | 19.9 (7.4) | 19.5 (7.5) | 18.8 (7.8) |
Values are standardized to the age distribution of the study population.
*
Value not age-adjusted.
1
One participant excluded because of extreme vitamin D intake (>100,000 μg/day.)
ALA: α-linolenic acid