Table 1.
Preoperative characteristics of the patients
| Characteristic | Group; no. (%)* | p value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| All patients, n = 1340 | PAIS, n = 31 | No PAIS, n = 1309 | ||
| Age, mean ± SD, yr | 65.81 ± 13.97 | 71.58 ± 12.42 | 65.236 ± 11.73 | < 0.001 |
| Sex, male | 712 (53.1) | 20 (64.5) | 692 (52.9) | 0.20 |
| Body mass index, mean ± SD | 28.28 ± 10.42 | 28.12 ± 11.60 | 27.99 ± 10.81 | 0.77 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Current smoking | 166 (12.4) | 3 (9.7) | 163 (12.6) | 0.41 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 335 (25) | 13 (41.9) | 322 (24.6) | 0.028 |
| Hypertension | 742 (55.4) | 22 (71) | 720 (55) | 0.08 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 498 (37.2) | 12 (38.7) | 486 (37.4) | 0.79 |
| Heart failure | 147 (11) | 14 (45.2) | 133 (10.2) | < 0.001 |
| Coronary artery disease | 358 (26.7) | 12 (38.7) | 346 (26.4) | 0.13 |
| History of cerebrovascular disease | 105 (7.8) | 8 (25.8) | 97 (7.4) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 151 (11.3) | 3 (9.7) | 148 (11.3) | 0.35 |
| Malignancy | 226 (16.9) | 4 (12.9) | 221 (16.9) | 0.56 |
| Chronic renal failure | 103 (7.7) | 4 (12.9) | 99 (7.6) | 0.27 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 206 (15.4) | 17 (54.8) | 189 (14.4) | < 0.001 |
| New York Heart Association functional class | ||||
| 1 | 825 (61.6) | 13 (41.9) | 812 (62) | |
| 2 | 476 (35.5) | 17 (54.8) | 459 (35.1) | 0.07 |
| 3 | 39 (2.9) | 1 (3.2) | 38 (2.9) | |
| 4 | ||||
| Revised cardiac risk index | ||||
| 0 | 178 (13.3) | 1 (3.2) | 177 (13.5) | |
| 1 | 599 (44.7) | 5 (16.1) | 594 (45.4) | < 0.001 |
| 2 | 380 (28.4) | 10 (32.3) | 370 (28.3) | |
| 3 | 166 (12.3) | 14 (45.2) | 152 (11.6) | |
| 4 | 17 (1.3) | 1 (3.2) | 16 (1.2) | |
| ASA status | ||||
| ASA I | 216 (16.1) | 2 (6.5) | 214 (16.4) | |
| ASA II | 677 (50.5) | 7 (22.6) | 670 (51.2) | < 0.001 |
| ASA III | 334 (24.9) | 13 (41.9) | 321 (24.5) | |
| ASA IV | 113 (8.4) | 9 (29.0) | 104 (7.9) | |
| Laboratory tests, mean ± SD | ||||
| C-reactive protein, nmol/L | 181.9 ± 322.9 | 281.9 ± 376.2 | 181.0 ± 320.0 | 0.06 |
| Mean platelet volume, fL | 8.55 ± 6.21 | 8.83 ± 5.94 | 8.51 ± 6.38 | 0.76 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 123.0 ± 18.0 | 122.0 ± 17.5 | 124.0 ± 19.0 | 0.60 |
| White blood count, ×109/L | 8.55 ± 4.93 | 8.81 ± 3.11 | 8.58 ± 5.11 | 0.83 |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 6.53 ± 2.10 | 7.14 ± 2.17 | 6.15 ± 2.09 | 0.003 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 95.47 ± 114.04 | 108.73 ± 122.88 | 91.05 ± 109.62 | 0.43 |
| Albumin, g/L | 38.0 ± 5.9 | 37.3 ± 6.4 | 38.3 ± 5.8 | 0.35 |
| Echocardiography | ||||
| Left ventricle ejection fraction mean ± SD, % | 57.9 ± 9.8 | 50.6 ± 12.9 | 58.7 ± 8.5 | < 0.001 |
| Left atrium diameter, mean ± SD mm | 37.1 ± 4.8 | 39.9 ± 6.1 | 36.8 ± 4.9 | < 0.001 |
| Pulmonary artery systolic pressure, mean ± SD mm Hg | 27.7 ± 9.8 | 29.9 ± 10.5 | 27.2 ± 9.7 | 0.18 |
| Valvular heart disease | 127 (9.5) | 7 (22.6) | 120 (9.2) | < 0.001 |
ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists; PAIS = perioperative acute ischemic stroke; SD = standard deviation.
*
Unless otherwise indicated.