Table 3.
Presence of Barriers to Care by Sociodemographic Characteristics and Diabetes Duration
| Access Barriers | Process Barriers | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
||||||
| Regular Provider |
Access to Care | Cost of Care | Contextual Care |
Communication | Getting Information |
|
|
|
||||||
| Overall | 94 (12.2%) | 104 (13.6%) | 369 (47.5%) | 174 (27.0%) | 331 (43.0%) | 206 (48.4%) |
| Age at exam | ||||||
| 2-12 years | 41 (10.4%) | 49 (12.6%) | 184 (46.7%) | 93 (25.5%) | 162 (41.4%) | 121 (49.2%) |
| 13+ years | 53 (14.0%) | 55 (14.6%) | 185 (48.3%) | 81 (28.9%) | 169 (44.7%) | 85 (47.2%) |
| p = .13 | p = .42 | p = .65 | p = .33 | p = .36 | p = .69 | |
| Diabetes Duration | ||||||
| <36 months | 32 (10.6%) | 39 (12.9%) | 149 (48.9%) | 75 (30.0%) | 132 (43.9%) | 81 (49.7%) |
| ≥36 months | 62 (13.5%) | 64 (14.1%) | 216 (46.7%) | 97 (24.9%) | 194 (42.3%) | 122 (47.3%) |
| p = .23 | p = .84 | p=0.63 | p=0.55 | p=0.16 | p=0.67 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 45 (11.8%) | 58 (15.3%) | 171 (44.9%) | 86 (26.7%) | 159 (41.8%) | 103 (48.6%) |
| Male | 49 (12.5%) | 46 (11.9%) | 198 (50.0%) | 88 (27.2%) | 172 (44.2%) | 103 (48.1%) |
| p = .77 | p = .17 | p = .15 | p = .88 | p = .51 | p = .93 | |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 54 (9.6%) | 70 (12.5%) | 276 (48.9%) | 112 (23.8%) | 240 (42.9%) | 148 (47.1%) |
| Black, non-Hispanic | 20 (23.8%) | 15 (17.2%) | 33 (37.5%) | 17 (23.9%) | 24 (28.2%) | 17 (40.5%) |
| Hispanic | 17 (19.8%) | 12 (14.3%) | 45 (51.7%) | 27 (37.5%) | 50 (57.5%) | 27 (55.1%) |
| Other * | 3 (8.3%) | 7 (20.0%) | 15 (40.5%) | 18 (56.3%) | 17 (46.0%) | 14 (66.7%) |
| p < .001* | p = .43 | p = .15 | p < .001* | p = .002* | p = .18 | |
| Family Income | ||||||
| <$25K | 21 (20.8%) | 24 (24.0%) | 40 (39.2%) | 31 (33.3%) | 42 (41.6%) | 24 (47.1%) |
| $25K -$49,999 | 23 (18.6%) | 19 (15.3%) | 66 (51.6%) | 35 (31.0%) | 63 (49.6%) | 34 (50.8%) |
| $50K - $74,999 | 10 (6.7%) | 16 (11.0%) | 85 (57.1%) | 34 (26.0%) | 55 (37.2%) | 46 (48.9%) |
| ≥ $75K | 23 (7.1%) | 31 (9.6%) | 142 (43.8%) | 64 (23.9%) | 133 (41.4%) | 88 (46.8%) |
| p < .001* | p = .002* | p = .01* | p = .24 | p = .21 | p = .95 | |
|
Highest Parent
Education | ||||||
| ≤ High School | 36 (27.1%) | 20 (15.4%) | 59 (44.0%) | 45 (40.2%) | 52 (39.1%) | 25 (41.7%) |
| Some College | 28 (11.1%) | 46 (18.4%) | 117 (45.5%) | 59 (26.9%) | 108 (42.9%) | 73 (50.3%) |
| ≥ BA | 27 (7.4%) | 35 (9.6%) | 187 (50.8%) | 67 (21.9%) | 160 (43.7%) | 104 (48.6%) |
| p < .0001* | p = .006* | p = .27 | p < .001* | p = .65 | p = .52 | |
| Family Composition | ||||||
| Two Parents | 76 (12.6%) | 65 (10.9%) | 293 (48.4%) | 136 (27.6%) | 260 (43.2%) | 154 (47.8%) |
| Other | 64 (21.5%) | 60 (20.3%) | 129 (42.6%) | 73 (31.7%) | 132 (44.6%) | 74 (49.3%) |
| p = 0.0005* | p = 0.0001* | p = 0.10 | p = 0.25 | p = 0.67 | p = 0.76 | |
| Insurance | ||||||
| Private | 56 (9.8%) | 64 (11.2%) | 303 (52.6%) | 117 (24.6%) | 241 (42.2%) | 154 (48.4%) |
| Medicaid/Medicare | 27 (20.6%) | 28 (22.1%) | 27 (20.5) | 38 (32.2%) | 56 (43.1%) | 33 (45.8%) |
| None | 3 (20.0%) | 3 (21.4%) | 15 (100%) | 2 (28.6%) | 7 (46.7%) | 3 (60.0%) |
| Other | 1 (8.3%) | 2 (16.7%) | 7 (58.3%) | 5 (41.7%) | 7 (63.6%) | 6 (75.0%) |
| p=0.005* | p=0.01* | p<.001* | p=0.23 | p=0.55 | p=0.44 | |
Race/ethnicity category “Other” consists of American Indian (n=5), Asian/Pacific Islander (n=51), and Other (n=4).