TABLE 3.
Multivariable Associations of Sleep Curtailment at Each Age Period With Anthropometric Outcomes at Mid-Childhood
| Anthropometric Outcomes and Multivariable Modelsa | Curtailed Sleep in Each Age Period | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 mo to 2 y | 3 to 4 y | 5 to 7 y | ||||||
| <12 | ≥12 | <10 | 10 to <11 | ≥11 | <9 | 9 to <10 | ≥10 | |
| BMI z score | Effect Estimate (95% Confidence Interval) | |||||||
| Model 1. Child age and gender | 0.25 (0.12 to 0.39) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.41 (0.21 to 0.61) | 0.12 (−0.03 to 0.26) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.53 (0.21 to 0.85) | 0.12 (−0.04 to 0.29) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + SES | 0.17 (0.04 to 0.30) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.23 (0.02 to 0.43) | 0.08 (−0.06 to 0.22) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.29 (−0.04 to 0.61) | 0.03 (−0.13 to 0.20) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + TV | 0.15 (0.02 to 0.28) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.20 (−0.01 to 0.40) | 0.07 (−0.07 to 0.20) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.24 (−0.08 to 0.56) | 0.01 (−0.15 to 0.18) | 0.0 (ref) |
| SS+TR skinfold thickness, mm | ||||||||
| Model 1. Child age and gender | 2.10 (0.92 to 3.29) | 0.0 (ref) | 3.08 (1.14 to 5.03) | 0.97 (−0.31 to 2.25) | 0.0 (ref) | 5.77 (2.53 to 9.01) | 1.56 (−0.01 to 3.13) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + SES | 1.24 (0.06 to 2.43) | 0.0 (ref) | 1.23 (−0.75 to 3.20) | 0.54 (−0.71 to 1.78) | 0.0 (ref) | 3.64 (0.27 to 7.02) | 0.76 (−0.78 to 2.31) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + TV | 1.00 (−0.19 to 2.19) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.86 (−1.12 to 2.83) | 0.37 (−0.86 to 1.60) | 0.0 (ref) | 3.09 (−0.27 to 6.45) | 0.54 (−0.99 to 2.07) | 0.0 (ref) |
| DXA total FMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||
| Model 1. Child age and gender | 0.39 (0.15 to 0.62) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.55 (0.17 to 0.93) | 0.19 (−0.07 to 0.44) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.84 (0.20 to1.47) | 0.24 (−0.07 to 0.55) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + SES | 0.24 (0.01 to 0.48) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.23 (−0.16 to 0.62) | 0.11 (−0.13 to 0.36) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.46 (−0.20 to 1.12) | 0.10 (−0.21 to 0.41) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + TV | 0.19 (−0.05 to 0.43) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.15 (−0.25 to 0.54) | 0.07 (−0.17 to 0.32) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.33 (−0.32 to 0.98) | 0.05 (−0.26 to 0.36) | 0.0 (ref) |
| DXA trunk FMI, kg/m2 | ||||||||
| Model 1. Child age and gender | 0.19 (0.09 to 0.30) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.27 (0.09 to 0.44) | 0.10 (−0.01 to 0.21) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.37 (0.08 to 0.66) | 0.12 (−0.02 to 0.26) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + SES | 0.13 (0.03 to 0.24) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.13 (−0.05 to 0.31) | 0.06 (−0.04 to 0.17) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.21 (−0.09 to 0.51) | 0.06 (−0.08 to 0.20) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + TV | 0.11 (0.00 to 0.21) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.09 (−0.09 to 0.27) | 0.05 (−0.06 to 0.15) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.15 (−0.15 to 0.44) | 0.04 (−0.10 to 0.18) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Waist circumference, cm | ||||||||
| Model 1. Child age and gender | 1.70 (0.72 to 2.69) | 0.0 (ref) | 2.37 (0.77 to 3.98) | 0.85 (−0.22 to 1.92) | 0.0 (ref) | 3.65 (1.01 to 6.28) | 0.99 (−0.33 to 2.31) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + SES | 1.23 (0.24 to 2.21) | 0.0 (ref) | 1.31 (−0.32 to 2.94) | 0.60 (−0.43 to 1.64) | 0.0 (ref) | 2.41 (−0.27 to 5.08) | 0.56 (−0.76 to 1.88) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + TV | 1.02 (0.03 to 2.01) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.99 (−0.64 to 2.62) | 0.46 (−0.57 to 1.48) | 0.0 (ref) | 1.92 (−0.72 to 4.56) | 0.36 (−0.94 to 1.67) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Hip circumference, cm | ||||||||
| Model 1. Child age and gender | 1.45 (0.55 to 2.35) | 0.0 (ref) | 2.53 (1.08 to 3.97) | 0.93 (−0.05 to 1.91) | 0.0 (ref) | 4.16 (1.96 to 6.37) | 0.79 (−0.38 to 1.96) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + SES | 0.76 (−0.13 to 1.64) | 0.0 (ref) | 1.16 (−0.31 to 2.62) | 0.62 (−0.32 to 1.56) | 0.0 (ref) | 2.35 (0.09 to 4.60) | 0.11 (−1.05 to 1.27) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + TV | 0.60 (−0.29 to 1.50) | 0.0 (ref) | 0.92 (−0.53 to 2.38) | 0.51 (−0.42 to 1.45) | 0.0 (ref) | 1.99 (−0.27 to 4.24) | −0.03 (−1.19 to 1.12) | 0.0 (ref) |
| Obesity (BMI ≥95th vs 5th to 85th percentile) | OR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Model 1. Child age and gender | 2.03 (1.33 to 3.08) | 1.0 (ref) | 2.64 (1.49 to 4.67) | 1.17 (0.72 to, 1.90) | 1.0 (ref) | 4.63 (2.23 to 9.62) | 1.60 (0.93 to 2.74) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Model 2. Model 1 + SES | 1.50 (0.93 to 2.40) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.41 (0.72 to 2.76) | 1.04 (0.62 to 1.76) | 1.0 (ref) | 2.47 (1.05 to 5.77) | 1.17 (0.65 to 2.13) | 1.0 (ref) |
| Model 3. Model 2 + TV | 1.36 (0.84 to 2.21) | 1.0 (ref) | 1.27 (0.64 to 2.52) | 0.98 (0.58 to 1.66) | 1.0 (ref) | 2.12 (0.90 to 4.98) | 1.09 (0.60 to 2.00) | 1.0 (ref) |
Data from 1046 children in Project Viva. SES, ; TV, television.
a
Model 1 is adjusted only for child age and gender. Model 2 is additionally adjusted for maternal age, education, BMI, and parity; household income; and child race/ethnicity. Model 3 is further adjusted for child television viewing at mid-childhood.