. 2014 Jun;133(6):e1632–e1638. doi: 10.1542/peds.2013-3118

TABLE 1.

Characteristics of 1414 Newborns and Univariate Analysis of Cotinine in Their DBS

Characteristic	n	No. (%) With Detectable Cotinine	P	Median (Range) of Detectable Cotinine (ng/g)	P^a
Reported cigarette smoking during pregnancy			<.001^b		<.001^c
No	1249	362 (29.0)		1.0 (0.3–218)
Yes	147	122 (83.0)		39 (0.5–247)
State			<.001^b		0.001^c
California	384	138 (35.9)		1.3 (0.3–218)
Michigan	349	167 (47.9)		2.6 (0.3–226)
New York	399	101 (25.3)		4.4 (0.3–247)
Washington	282	83 (29.4)		0.7 (0.3–148)
Gender			.145^b		.150^c
Male	726	239 (32.9)		1.4 (0.3–247)
Female	676	248 (36.7)	1.8 (0.3–205)
Race			<.001^b		.003^c
African American	694	274 (39.5)		1.4 (0.3–247)
White	708	213 (30.1)		2.1 (0.3–218)
Season of collection			.009^b		.001^c
Spring	155	61 (39.4)		2.2 (0.3–226)
Summer	171	74 (43.3)		1.6 (0.3–178)
Fall	253	80 (31.9)		1.8 (0.3–148)
Winter	441	134 (30.4)		1.6 (0.3–247)
Collection day^d			.032^b		.010 (R = –0.07)^e
0, 1	979	360 (36.8)		1.6 (0.3–247)
2, 3	401	118 (29.4)		1.6 (0.3–148)
4+	18	7 (38.9)		0.8 (0.5–17)

^{^a}

This P values in this column are derived from statistical tests that include all cotinine values, including those below the level of detection.

^{^b}

The P value is based on the Fisher’s exact test or the χ² test.

^{^c}

The P value is based on the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test or the Kruskal-Wallis test.

^{^d}

Collection hour was not significantly correlated with cotinine and was missing in ∼150 cases from New York.

^{^e}

The P value for collection day, which ranges from 0 to 7, is based on the Spearman correlation coefficient (R).