Table 3.
Dependence of breeding parameters (2010–2012, N = 157) on the urban gradient (measured as percentage of sealed soil in r = 500 m around the nest site) as fixed effect in a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM)
| Breeding parameter | Estimate | SE | Z -value | Pr(>|z|) | R 2 for GLMM | Sign. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Clutch size (
N
= 138) |
|
|
|
|
4.5 |
|
| Laying date‡ |
−0.01 |
0.00 |
−2.48 |
0.0132 |
|
* |
| (Intercept) |
1.54 |
0.04 |
38.80 |
<0.0001 |
|
*** |
|
Hatching rate |
|
|
|
|
15.44 |
|
| Laying date‡ |
−0.04 |
0.01 |
−2.94 |
0.0033 |
|
** |
| Sealed soil |
−2.40 |
1.07 |
−2.23 |
0.0255 |
|
* |
| (Intercept) |
2.54 |
0.78 |
3.24 |
0.0012 |
|
** |
|
Fledging rate |
|
|
|
|
16.04 |
|
| Laying date‡ |
−0.04 |
0.02 |
−2.06 |
0.0399 |
|
* |
| Sealed soil |
−2.13 |
1.25 |
−1.71 |
0.0882 |
|
• |
| (Intercept) |
2.60 |
0.99 |
2.62 |
0.0087 |
|
** |
|
Fledged brood size |
|
|
|
|
32.31 |
|
| Laying date‡ |
−0.02 |
0.00 |
−4.54 |
<0.0001 |
|
*** |
| Sealed soil |
−0.85 |
0.34 |
−2.48 |
0.0131 |
|
* |
| (Intercept) | 1.26 | 0.25 | 5.04 | <0.0001 | *** |
The nest site ID and the study year were included as random factors. The error family was chosen according to the type of response variable.
Note:’‡’ data presented as residuals with the study year.
Significance codes: ‘***’ 0.001, ‘**’ 0.01, ‘*’ 0.05, ‘•’ <0.1.