Table 4.

Some known factors that induce antimicrobial peptide expression

Factor	AMP induced	Cells	Ref
Bacteria/LPS	LL-37, HBD-2	keratinocytes	[296]
TNF-α	LL-37, HBD-2	keratinocytes	[286]
UV Light	LL-37, HBD-2, chemerin	keratinocytes	[286,301]
Vitamin D3	LL-37	neutrophil progenitors and EBV-transformed B cells	[302,303]
Lactose	LL-37	colonic epithelial cells T84, THP-1 monocytes and macrophages	[304]
Short-chain fatty acids	LL-37;pBD-2, pBD-3, pEP2C, and protegrins	human HT-29 colonic epithelial cells and U-937 monocytic cells;	[305,306]
Isoleucine	hBD-1;epithelial defensins	human colon cells, HCT-116; bovine kidney epithelial cells	[307,308,309]
Arginine	hBD-1	human colon cells, HCT-116	[307]
Ca2+	hBD-2, hBD-3	human keratinocyte monolayers	[310]
Zn2+	LL-37;pBD-1, pBD-2, pBD-3	Caco-2 cell; Intestinal epithelial cells	[311]
Butyrate	LL-37	colon, gastric and hepatocellular cells	[312]
Albumin	hBD-1	human colon cells, HCT-116	[307]
Cyclic AMP/Butyrate	Chicken β-defensin 9	macrophages and primary jejunal explants	[297]
Phenylbutyrate/1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3	cathelicidins	immortalized human bronchial epithelial cell line VA10	[298]