Table 2.
Child Characteristics by Child BMI Status at 9 Years of Age, Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas Study, 2000–2010
| Characteristic | No. | % | Mean (SD) | Child BMI Category at 9 Years of Agea |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal |
Overweight |
Obese |
||||||||||
| No. | % | Mean (SD) | No. | % | Mean (SD) | No. | % | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Total | 261 | 100.0 | 115 | 44.1 | 42 | 16.1 | 104 | 39.9 | ||||
| Sex | ||||||||||||
| Male | 118 | 45.2 | 48 | 40.7 | 24 | 20.3 | 46 | 39.0 | ||||
| Female | 143 | 54.8 | 67 | 46.9 | 18 | 12.6 | 58 | 40.6 | ||||
| Birthweight, gb | 3,458 (492) | 3,350 (449) | 3,499 (549) | 3,560 (492) | ||||||||
| Age at 9-year follow-up, years | 9.1 (0.2) | 9.1 (0.2) | 9.1 (0.1) | 9.2 (0.3) | ||||||||
| Onset of puberty by 9 years of age | ||||||||||||
| Boys | ||||||||||||
| No | 101 | 85.6 | 43 | 42.6 | 18 | 17.8 | 40 | 39.6 | ||||
| Yes | 13 | 11.0 | 4 | 30.8 | 5 | 38.5 | 4 | 30.8 | ||||
| Missing | 4 | 3.4 | 1 | 25.0 | 1 | 25.0 | 2 | 50.0 | ||||
| Girlsb | ||||||||||||
| No | 82 | 57.3 | 47 | 57.3 | 9 | 11.0 | 26 | 31.7 | ||||
| Yes | 54 | 37.8 | 19 | 35.2 | 8 | 14.8 | 27 | 50.0 | ||||
| Missing | 7 | 4.9 | 1 | 14.3 | 1 | 14.3 | 5 | 71.4 | ||||
| Time per day spent watching television at 9 years of agec | ||||||||||||
| <1 hour | 38 | 14.7 | 14 | 36.8 | 9 | 23.7 | 15 | 39.5 | ||||
| 1–2 hours | 82 | 31.7 | 41 | 50.0 | 13 | 15.9 | 28 | 34.2 | ||||
| >2 hours | 139 | 53.7 | 59 | 42.5 | 19 | 13.7 | 61 | 43.9 | ||||
| Time per day spent playing outside at 9 years of agec | ||||||||||||
| <1 hour | 36 | 13.9 | 17 | 47.2 | 5 | 13.9 | 14 | 38.9 | ||||
| 1–2 hours | 143 | 55.0 | 64 | 44.8 | 24 | 16.8 | 55 | 38.5 | ||||
| >2 hours | 81 | 31.2 | 33 | 40.7 | 13 | 16.1 | 35 | 43.2 | ||||
| No. of sodas consumed at 9 years of age | ||||||||||||
| <1 per week | 107 | 41.0 | 47 | 43.9 | 20 | 18.7 | 40 | 37.4 | ||||
| 1–6 per week | 127 | 48.7 | 56 | 44.1 | 21 | 16.5 | 50 | 39.4 | ||||
| ≥1 per day | 27 | 10.3 | 12 | 44.4 | 1 | 3.7 | 14 | 51.9 | ||||
| No. of sugar-sweetened beverages consumed per day at 9 years of age | ||||||||||||
| <1 | 59 | 22.6 | 21 | 35.6 | 9 | 15.3 | 29 | 49.2 | ||||
| 1 | 139 | 53.3 | 65 | 46.8 | 23 | 16.6 | 51 | 36.7 | ||||
| ≥1 | 63 | 24.1 | 29 | 46.0 | 10 | 15.9 | 24 | 38.1 | ||||
| No. of fast food meals consumed per week at 9 years of agec | ||||||||||||
| <1 | 102 | 39.2 | 38 | 37.3 | 20 | 19.6 | 44 | 43.1 | ||||
| 1–2 | 150 | 57.7 | 75 | 50.0 | 20 | 13.3 | 55 | 36.7 | ||||
| ≥3 | 8 | 3.1 | 1 | 12.5 | 2 | 25.0 | 5 | 62.5 | ||||
| Body mass indexb | 1.09 (1.09) | 0.02 (0.69) | 1.41 (0.17) | 2.13 (0.28) | ||||||||
| Percentile of waist circumferenceb | 1.08 (0.91) | 0.25 (0.58) | 1.26 (0.35) | 1.92 (0.40) | ||||||||
| <90th | 139 | 53.3 | 113 | 81.3 | 21 | 15.1 | 5 | 3.6 | ||||
| ≥90th | 122 | 46.7 | 2 | 1.6 | 21 | 17.2 | 99 | 81.2 | ||||
| Body fat percentaged | 27.7 (10.3) | 18.3 (5.6) | 27.9 (4.4) | 37.2 (6.1) | ||||||||
| o,p′-DDT, ng/ge | 1.2 (0.7–3.3) | 1.0 (0.6–2.7) | 1.5 (0.8–3.5) | 1.5 (0.8–4.3) | ||||||||
| p,p′-DDT, ng/ge | 12.1 (7.6–42.6) | 10.8 (7.6–24.9) | 17.9 (7.0–158.0) | 14.2 (7.6–53.4) | ||||||||
| p,p′-DDE, ng/ge | 1,104 (613–2,710) | 982 (548–2,153) | 1,638 (706–6,957) | 1,152 (649–2,886) | ||||||||
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DDE, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; SD, standard deviation.
a Weight (kg)/height (m)2. Normal indicates a BMI below the 85th percentile of sex-specific BMI for age; overweight, BMI in the 85th percentile or higher but below the 95th percentile of sex-specific BMI for age; and obese, BMI in the 95th percentile or higher of sex-specific BMI for age.
b P < 0.05 on χ2 test (for variables with cell frequencies >5) or Fisher's exact test (for variables with at least one cell frequency ≤5).
c Numbers do not add to the total because of missing data for time spent watching television at 9 years of age (n = 2), outside play time at 9 years of age (n = 1), and fast food consumption at 9 years of age (n = 1).
d Body fat percentages were available for 224 children.
e Median (interquartile range) are presented for o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, and p,p′-DDE rather than mean (SD).