Table 2.
Summary of M2e-based universal influenza vaccine studies.
| Year [ref] | Immunogen | Platform/Adjuvant | Animal model | Protection against viral challenge |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999 [42] | M2e-HBc VLPs | VLPs | Mouse | Partial protection with sickness |
| 2002 [41] | M2e-HBc VLPs or DNA/HBc VLPs | VLPs or DNA/VLPs | Pig | No protection |
| 2003 [48] | M2e | BSA | Rabbit | In vitro viral replication-inhibition observed |
| 2003 [30] | M2e-MAPs | MAP | Mouse | Weak protection |
| 2004 [14] | M2 peptide conjugate vaccine | KLH or OMPC | Mouse, ferret, and rhesus monkey | Protection in mouse and ferret challenges |
| 2004 [45] | M2e coupled to HBc | Protein with no adjuvant | Mouse | Weak protection, failed to protect mice from weight loss |
| 2004 [33] | Multiple M2e copies | GST | Mouse, Rabbit | Protected against lethal viral challenge |
| 2006 [43] | M2e-HBc | VLPs/CTA1-DD | Mouse | Protected against lethal challenge |
| 2006 [49] | M2eA | Liposomes | Mouse | Protected against lethal challenge |
| 2008 [44] | PapMV-CP-M2e | VLPs | Mouse | Protected against 4× LD50 WSN/33 strain |
| 2008 [34,35] | STF2.4×M2e | Flagellin fusion | Mouse, Phase I Clinical trial | Mice protected Safe and immunogenic in human use |
| 2008[50] | M2 | M2 coupled to RNA phage QβVLP, adjuvanted with CpG | Mouse | Protected against 4× LD50 PR8 strain |
| 2009 [51] | M2e-CD154 | Salmonella Enteritidis strains | Chicken | Protected against low pathogenic avian influenza (H7N2) but not high pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) |
| 2010 [52] | M2e-core antigen (woodchuck hepatitis virus) | Salmonella Enteritidis strains | Mouse | Against low dose viral challenge with A/WSN/33 |
| 2010 [53] | Pam2Cys | Lipopeptide | Mouse | Weak protection |
| 2011[40] | Tetra-M2e | Nanoparticles | Chicken | Protection against low pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 |
| 2012 [54] | M2e-viral capsid protein fusion | VLPs | Mouse | Protected against 4× LD50 PR8 strain |
| 2012 [20,36] | 4.M2e-tFliC | VLPs | Mouse | Heterosubtypic protection |
| 2012 [37] | 4× M2e.HSP70c | 4× M2e.HSP70c | Mouse | Broad protection against H1, H3, H9 viruses |
| 2013 [38,39] | M2e × 5 | VLPs | Mouse | Broad protection |
| 2013 [22] | M2e-AuNP | Nanoparticles/CpG | Mouse | Heterosubtypic protection |
| 2013 [20] | Tetrameric M2e | VLPs | Mouse | Heterosubtypic protection |
| 2013 [21] | Tetrameric M2e | Nanoparticles | Mouse | Heterosubtypic protection |
| 2014 [16] | 4.M2e-tFliC | Microneedles | Mouse | Heterosubtypic protection |