Table 1.

Some complications of obesity by body system.

Cardiovascular
(i) Hypertension
(ii) Congestive heart failure
(iii) Cor pulmonale
(iv) Varicose veins
(v) Peripheral edema
(vi) Pulmonary embolism
(vii) Coronary artery disease
Endocrine (adiposopathy)
(i) The metabolic syndrome
(ii) Type 2 diabetes/hyperinsulinemia
(iii) Dyslipidemia
(iv) Polycystic ovarian syndrome/androgenicity
(v) Amenorrhea/infertility/menstrual disorders
(vi) Hyperleptinemia/hypoadiponectinemia
Gastrointestinal
(i) Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
(ii) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
(iii) Cholelithiasis
(iv) Hernias
(v) Colon cancer
Genitourinary
(i) Urinary stress incontinence
(ii) Obesity-related glomerulopathy
(iii) Hypogonadism (male)
(iv) Breast and uterine cancer
(v) Pregnancy complications
Integument
(i) Striae distensae (stretch marks)
(ii) Stasis pigmentation of legs
(iii) Lymphedema
(iv) Cellulitis
(v) Intertrigo, carbuncles
(vi) Acanthosis nigricans/skin tags
Musculoskeletal
(i) Hyperuricemia and gout
(ii) Immobility
(iii) Osteoarthritis (knees, hips)
(iv) Low back pain
Neurologic
(i) Stroke
(ii) Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
(iii) Meralgia paresthetica
Psychological
(i) Depression/low self esteem
(ii) Body image disturbance
(iii) Social stigmatization
Respiratory
(i) Dyspnea
(ii) Obstructive sleep apnea
(iii) Hypoventilation syndrome
(iv) Pickwickian syndrome
(v) Asthma