. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Res Adolesc. 2014 May 23;24(2):204–219. doi: 10.1111/jora.12121

Table 1.

Time-Fixed Control Variables and Gang Membership


			Non-gang		Gang

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
			(n = 635)		(n = 173)
Demographics

Race/Ethnicity^***
African American			21.3%		41.6%
Asian American			22.5%		19.7%
Caucasian American			52.0%		29.5%
Native American			4.3%		9.2%
Gender (Male)^***			44.3%		75.7%

Childhood Risk

Socioeconomic Status (Standardized Measure)^***			0.07		−0.32
Individual Risk Index (Possible Total of 9)^***			1.80		2.95

p<.05;

^**

p<.01;

^***

p<.001