Table 1.
Demographic factors and cardiovascular risk factors of subjects with renal dysfunction.
| Variables | eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | P value | Albuminuria (mg g−1) | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≥60 (N = 2272) | <60 (N = 87) | ≤30 (N = 2045) | >30 (N = 305) | |||
| Demographic factors | ||||||
| Age (years)† | 56.31 (11.30) | 71.03 (9.37) | <0.001 | 55.86 (11.18) | 63.33 (12.05) | <0.001 |
| Age | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| <65 (years) | 1518 (66.81) | 9 (10.34) | 1394 (68.17) | 129 (42.30) | ||
| ≥65 (years) | 754 (33.19) | 78 (89.66) | 651 (31.83) | 176 (57.70) | ||
| Sex | 0.008 | 0.13 | ||||
| Male | 1092 (48.06) | 55 (63.22) | 981 (47.97) | 161 (52.79) | ||
| Female | 1180 (51.94) | 32 (36.78) | 1064 (52.03) | 144 (47.21) | ||
| Life style behaviors | ||||||
| Smoking | 361 (15.90) | 12 (13.95) | 0.74 | 317 (15.52) | 54 (17.76) | 0.36 |
| Drinking | 530 (23.34) | 13 (15.12) | 0.10 | 473 (23.15) | 68 (22.30) | 0.80 |
| Betel nut chewing | 82 (3.62) | 1 (1.18) | 0.37 | 74 (3.63) | 9 (2.96) | 0.67 |
| Exercise | 1529 (67.33) | 56 (65.12) | 0.76 | 1376 (67.35) | 204 (66.89) | 0.92 |
| Diabetes-related variables | ||||||
| Family history of diabetes | 554 (24.39) | 9 (10.34) | 0.004 | 489 (23.91) | 71 (23.36) | 0.89 |
| Antihypertension medication use | 441 (19.41) | 50 (57.47) | <0.001 | 361 (17.65) | 126 (41.31) | <0.001 |
| Cholesterol lowering medication use | 113 (4.97) | 18 (20.69) | <0.001 | 97 (4.74) | 34 (11.15) | <0.001 |
| Clinical indexes | ||||||
| Peripheral vascular disease | 140 (6.16) | 12 (13.79) | 0.009 | 130 (6.36) | 21 (6.89) | 0.82 |
| Arterial stiffness | 1472 (65.31) | 83 (95.40) | <0.001 | 1271 (62.64) | 276 (91.09) | <0.001 |
| Higher Framingham risk scores | 801 (35.26) | 57 (65.52) | <0.001 | 661 (32.32) | 193 (63.28) | <0.001 |
| BMI ≥ 24 (kg/m2) | 1146 (50.44) | 51 (58.62) | 0.17 | 1020 (49.88) | 174 (57.05) | 0.03 |
| Diastolic blood pressure† | 78.74 (12.34) | 83.94 (13.81) | <0.001 | 77.94 (11.92) | 85.51 (13.76) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure† | 135.00 (21.54) | 153.90 (25.97) | <0.001 | 133.10 (20.39) | 152.60 (24.58) | <0.001 |
| Albuminuria | 261 (11.51) | 44 (53.66) | <0.001 | — | — | — |
| eGFR < 60 (mL/min/1.73 m2) | — | — | — | 38 (1.86) | 44 (14.43) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome components | ||||||
| High blood sugar | 831 (36.58) | 51 (58.62) | <0.001 | 704 (34.43) | 173 (56.72) | <0.001 |
| High triglyceride | 605 (26.63) | 41 (47.13) | <0.001 | 515 (25.18) | 131 (42.95) | <0.001 |
| High waist | 651 (28.65) | 35 (40.23) | 0.03 | 549 (26.85) | 134 (43.93) | <0.001 |
| High blood pressure | 1343 (59.11) | 77 (88.51) | <0.001 | 1151 (56.48) | 258 (84.59) | <0.001 |
| Low HDL cholesterol | 1243 (54.71) | 60 (68.97) | 0.01 | 1094 (53.50) | 203 (66.56) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic syndrome | 851 (37.46) | 56 (64.37) | <0.001 | 713 (34.87) | 189 (61.97) | <0.001 |
†Mean ± SD; albuminuria: albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) >30 mg g−1 creatinine; peripheral vascular disease (PVD): ankle-brachial index (ABI) <0.9; arterial stiffness: brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) >1400 cm/s; Framingham risk score greater than the cutoff value of 3rd quartile (≥9).