Table 3.

Association of Isolated Second- or Third-Degree Hypospadias with Maternal Periconceptional Use of Specific Medications, Excluding Infants with a Positive First Degree Family History, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, October 1997 to December 2007.^a,^b

Medication/Herbal Exposure	Exposed Cases (Total cases =1463)	Exposed Controls (Total cases=4305)	aORc (95% CI) Sub-Analysis	aOR (95% CI) Primary Analysis
Acetaminophen	895	2507	0.9 (0.8, 1.1)	1.0 (0.8, 1.1)
Aspirin	90	186	1.3 (1.0, 1.7)	1.3 (0.9, 1.7)
Azithromycin	19	70	0.7 (0.4, 1.1)	0.6 (0.4, 1.1)
Barley grass	8	10	1.7 (0.6, 4.4)	2.1 (0.8, 5.4)
Butalbital	8	8	2.2 (0.8, 6.1)	2.1 (0.7, 5.8)
Progesterone onlyd	42	71	1.1 (0.7, 1.6)	1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
Clomiphene only	35	43	1.7 (1.1, 2.8)	1.9 (1.2, 3.0)
FSH+HCG+LEU+PRO	17	11	2.3 (1.0, 5.0)	2.2 (1.0, 4.8)
CLO+PRO	10	10	2.1 (0.8, 5.3)	2.0 (0.8, 5.0)
FSH+HCG+PRO	10	7	1.8 (0.7, 5.0)	1.7 (0.6, 4.7)
FSH+PRO	6	6	1.6 (0.5, 5.4)	1.7 (0.5, 5.4)
Herbal tea	16	35	1.8 (0.9, 3.5)	1.8 (1.0, 3.5)
Ibuprofen	403	942	1.2 (1.0, 1.4)	1.2 (1.0, 1.3)
Labetalol	9	6	2.7 (0.9, 8.0)	2.6 (0.9, 7.7)
Levothyroxine sodium	43	71	1.3 (0.9, 2.0)	1.3 (0.9, 2.0)
Phenylpropanolamine	10	14	1.9 (0.8, 4.7)	2.0 (0.9, 4.8)
Progestin-only oral contraceptives	29	95	2.0 (1.2, 3.4)	1.9 (1.1, 3.2)
Venlafaxine	9	11	2.5 (1.0, 6.3)	2.4 (1.0, 6.0)

Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval

^aMedication exposure is reported for the period from 1 month before to 4 months after conception.

^bFamily history of hypospadias in a first degree relative (father or full sibling) or mother’s previous pregnancy.

^cOdds ratios were adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, previous live births, sub-fertility, study site, and year of due date. Fertility agents were not adjusted for sub-fertility.

^dProgesterone use was reported either for subfertility or for pregnancy complications.