Table 4.

Association of Isolated Second- or Third-Degree Hypospadias with Maternal Periconceptional Use of Specific Medications, Excluding Low Birth Weight Infants and Multiple Births, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, October 1997 to December 2007.^a

Medication/Herbal Exposure	Exposed Cases (Total cases=1108)	Exposed Controls (Total cases=3978)	aORb (95% CI) Sub-Analysis	aOR (95% CI) Primary Analysis
Acetaminophen	701	2318	1.0 (0.8, 1.1)	1.0 (0.8, 1.1)
Aspirin	61	164	1.2 (0.9, 1.7)	1.3 (0.9, 1.7)
Azithromycin	18	66	0.7 (0.4, 1.3)	0.6 (0.4, 1.1)
Barley grass	6	10	1.7 (0.6, 4.8)	2.1 (0.8, 5.4)
Butalbital	5	8	1.5 (0.5, 4.8)	2.1 (0.7, 5.8)
Progesterone onlyc	33	59	1.3 (0.8, 2.1)	1.1 (0.7, 1.7)
Clomiphene only	20	34	1.6 (0.9, 2.9)	1.9 (1.2, 3.0)
FSH+HCG+LEU+PRO	3	4	---	2.2 (1.0, 4.8)
CLO+PRO	6	8	1.6 (0.5, 4.9)	2.0 (0.8, 5.0)
FSH+HCG+PRO	5	3	---	1.7 (0.6, 4.7)
FSH+PRO	2	5	---	1.7 (0.5, 5.4)
Herbal tea	10	32	1.7 (0.8, 3.7)	1.8 (1.0, 3.5)
Ibuprofen	309	873	1.2 (1.0, 1.4)	1.2 (1.0, 1.3)
Labetalol	4	5	---	2.6 (0.9, 7.7)
Levothyroxine sodium	31	61	1.4 (0.9, 2.2)	1.3 (0.9, 2.0)
Phenylpropanolamine	7	13	2.0 (0.7, 5.4)	2.0 (0.9, 4.8)
Progestin-only oral contraceptives	16	89	1.3 (0.7, 2.6)	1.9 (1.1, 3.2)
Venlafaxine	9	9	3. 7 (1.4, 9.7)	2.4 (1.0, 6.0)

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^aMedication exposure is reported for the period from 1 month before to 4 months after conception.

^bOdds ratios are adjusted for maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, pre-pregnancy BMI, previous live births, sub-fertility, study site, and year of due date. Fertility agents were not adjusted for sub-fertility.

--- Odds ratios were not estimated for medication components with fewer than 5 exposed cases.

^cProgesterone use was reported either for subfertility or for pregnancy complications