Table 1.
Some epidemiologic studies on the association between exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and metabolic syndrome components*
| Exposure | Population | Sample size |
Age at evaluation |
Exposure window |
Exposure Measure |
Exposure categories |
Outcome and definition |
Estimation of association |
Covariates | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDE | U.S. | 259 | 20–50y | In utero | Maternal blood DDE (μg/l) | BMI | mean±SD | none | Karmaus, 20089 | |
| 1st quintile | 25.8±4.9 | |||||||||
| 2nd | 26.0±5.8 | |||||||||
| 3rd | 28.1±7.7 | |||||||||
| 4th | 28.0±5.4 | |||||||||
| 5th | 28.8±8.1 | |||||||||
| Maternal blood PCBs (μg/l) | 1st quintile | 28.0±7.1 | ||||||||
| 2nd | 25.1±4.5 | |||||||||
| 3rd | 26.8±5.7 | |||||||||
| 4th | 30.0±8.6 | |||||||||
| 5th | 26.4±4.7 | |||||||||
| HCB | Spanish | 482 | 6.5y | In utero | Cord blood HCB (ng/ml) | Per log HCB ng/ml | Overweight: BMI>85th percentile | OR (95%CI): 1.69 (1.05–2.27) |
maternal age, height, pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity, education, parity, child’s sex, age | Smink, 200824 |
| DDE | Spanish | 657 | 6mo, 14mo | In utero | Maternal blood DDE (ng/g lipid) | per log ng/g lipid | Elevated BMI: >85th percentile, among normal-weight mother | RR (95%CI) 1.64 (1.24–2.18) |
age, maternal country of birth, maternal age, smoking, parental overweight; rapid growth | Mendez, 201120 |
| Maternal blood DDE (ng/g lipid) | Quartile | Rapid weight gain: change of BMI z-score >0.67, among normal-weight mother | ||||||||
| 2nd vs. 1st | 2.42 (1.25–4.67) | |||||||||
| 3rd vs. 1st | 2.47 (1.24–4.92) | |||||||||
| 4th vs. 1st | 2.47 (1.22–5.00) | |||||||||
| DDE, DDT, PCBs | Spanish | 344 | 6.5y | In utero | Cord blood DDE (ng/ml) | Tertile | Overweight: BMI>85th percentile | RR (95%CI) | birth weight, parity, maternal BMI, education, smoking, maternal age, breast-feeding | Valvi, 201221 |
| 2nd vs. 1st | 1.67 (1.10–2.55) | |||||||||
| 3rd vs. 1st | 1.28 (0.81–2.03) | |||||||||
| Cord blood DDT (ng/ml) | 2nd vs. 1st | 1.19 (0.76–1.87) | ||||||||
| 3rd vs. 1st | 1.17 (0.73–1.88) | |||||||||
| Cord blood PCBs (ng/ml) | 2nd vs. 1st | 0.97 (0.58–1.62) | ||||||||
| 3rd vs. 1st | 1.70 (1.09–2.64) | |||||||||
| DDE | Mexico | 788 | 14–22mo | In utero | Maternal serum DDE (μg/g lipid) | ≤3.0 (reference) | BMI SDS | β (95%CI) | Maternal BMI, smoking, education, rural residence, gestational age | Cupul-Uicab, 201022 |
| 3.01–6.00 | −0.11 (−0.29,0.07) | |||||||||
| 6.01–9.00 | −0.18 (−0.45, 0.08) | |||||||||
| >9.00 | 0.07 (−0.15,0.30) | |||||||||
| PCBs, DDE | Denmark | 656 | 5y and 7y | In utero, early life | Maternal blood PCBs (μg/g lipid) | PCBs quartile | BMI at 7y girl with maternal obesity | β (95%CI) | Maternal age, parity | Tang-Peronard, 201325 |
| 2nd vs. 1st | 0.76 (−0.63,2.15) | |||||||||
| 3rd vs. 1st | 0.66 (−0.98,2.29) | |||||||||
| 4th vs. 1st | 2.07 (0.59,3.55) | |||||||||
| 2nd vs. 1st | Change in BMI from 5y to 7y | 0.28 (−0.49,1.04) | ||||||||
| 3rd vs. 1st | 0.56 (−0.34,1.46) | |||||||||
| 4th vs. 1st | 1.23 (0.42,2.05) | |||||||||
| Maternal blood DDE (μg/g lipid) | DDE quartile | BMI at 7y girl with maternal obesity | Maternal age, parity | |||||||
| 2nd vs. 1st | −0.06 (−1.49,2.38) | |||||||||
| 3rd vs. 1st | −0.09 (−1.91,1.74) | |||||||||
| 4th vs. 1st | 1.29 (−0.24,2.81) | |||||||||
| 2nd vs. 1st | Change in BMI from 5y to 7y | 0.51 (−0.26,1.29) | ||||||||
| 3rd vs. 1st | 0.14 (0.82,1.10) | |||||||||
| 4th vs. 1st | 1.11 (0.30,1.92) | |||||||||
| PCBs | U.S. | 399 | At birth and 5 y | In utero | Maternal serum PCBs (ng/g lipid) | PCB percentile: 90th vs. 10th |
Birthweight: | β (se) | maternal age, BMI, height, parity, smoking, race, hypertension or preeclampsia, prenatal care, medications associated with intrauterine growth restriction, child’s sex. | Hertz-Picciotto, 200593 |
| Boy | −268 (101) | |||||||||
| Girl | −26 (73) | |||||||||
| Birth length: | ||||||||||
| Boy | −0.81 (0.55) | |||||||||
| girl | −0.48 (0.52) | |||||||||
| Standardized height at 5y: | ||||||||||
| Boy | 2.6 (1.7) | |||||||||
| Girl | 4.1 (2.1) | |||||||||
| DDE, PCBs | Belgium | 138 | 1–3y | In utero | Cord blood DDE (ng/g lipid) | Per ng/g lipid | BMI SDS | β (se) | Birth weight | Verhulst, 200927 |
| DDE | −0.002 (0.001) | |||||||||
| DDE×maternal smoking ever | −0.003 (0.001) | |||||||||
| DDE×maternal smoking×child’s age | 0.001 (0.001) | |||||||||
| Cord blood PCBs (ng/g lipid) | Per ng/g lipid PCBs | 0.003 (0.001) | Birth weigth, maternal smoking, maternal BMI height | |||||||
| PCBs, DDE | U.S. | 594 | 14y | In utero, early life | maternal blood PCB ppm fat | 0–1ppm | Self-reported weight (kg) | 51.6±1.9 | Gladen, 200023 | |
| 1–2 | 53.0±0.6 | |||||||||
| 2–3 | Girl | 52.9±0.9 | ||||||||
| >3 | 57.0±1.6 | |||||||||
| 0–1ppm | Boy | 59.6±2.2 | ||||||||
| 1–2 | 56.9±0.7 | |||||||||
| 2–3 | 56.8±1.1 | |||||||||
| >3 | 56.1±1.6 | |||||||||
| Maternal blood DDE (ppm fat) | 0–1ppm | Self-reported weight (kg) | 54.2±2.1 | |||||||
| 1–2 | 52.5±0.8 | |||||||||
| 2–3 | Girl | 54.0±0.8 | ||||||||
| 3–4 | 53.3±1.1 | |||||||||
| >4 | 51.5±1.4 | |||||||||
| 0–1ppm | Boy | 53.7±2.0 | ||||||||
| 1–2 | 5.61±1.0 | |||||||||
| 2–3 | 57.4±1.0 | |||||||||
| 3–4 | 55.6±1.2 | |||||||||
| >4 | 60.6±1.4 |
*
BMI, body mass index; DDT, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; DDE, dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene; PCBs, polychlorinated biphenyls; HCB, hexachlorobenzene