Table 1. Individual and area-level characteristics of patients in the Worcester Heart Attack Study cohort.
| AMI Occurrence Analysis (n = 4,765) | Mortality Analysis (n = 2,427) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years); mean (SD) | 70.3 (13.9) | 76.7 (11.4) |
| Sex; no. (%) | ||
| Male | 2736 (57) | 1213 (50) |
| Female | 2029 (43) | 1214 (50) |
| Race; no. (%) | ||
| White | 4296 (90) | 2230 (92) |
| Black | 53 (1) | 19 (1) |
| Other | 254 (5) | 103 (4) |
| Unknown | 162 (3) | 75 (3) |
| Medical history a; no. (%) | ||
| Angina | 1046 (22) | 594 (25) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1429 (30) | 901 (37) |
| Hypertension | 3052 (64) | 1671 (69) |
| Stroke | 515 (11) | 411 (17) |
| Family history of CHD b | 1437 (30) | 441 (18) |
| Current Smoker b; no. (%) | 860 (18) | 276 (11) |
| Type of MI; no. (%) | ||
| Q-wave | 1429 (30) | 585 (24) |
| Non Q-wave | 3336 (70) | 1842 (76) |
| Initial | 3356 (70) | 1522 (63) |
| Prior | 1409 (30) | 905 (37) |
| Clinical complications; no. (%) | ||
| Atrial fibrillation | 822 (17) | 538 (22) |
| Cardiogenic shock a | 299 (6) | 234 (10) |
| Heart failure | 1701 (36) | 1220 (50) |
| Elevation at residence, meters c; mean (SD) | 172.0 (51.8) | 172.2 (49.7) |
| Lives within 400 m of large (> 100,00 m2) water body c; no. (%) | 664 (14) | 336 (14) |
| Census block group median household income in 1999 c ($); mean (SD) | 48,465 (19,258) | 46,299 (18,654) |
| Census block group % of persons below the federally defined poverty line c; mean (SD) | 10.4 (11.6) | 11.2 (12.3) |
| % of census tract conservation / recreation c; mean (SD) | 11.0 (10.7) | 10.5 (10.8) |
| Normalized Difference Vegetation Index c; mean (SD) | 191.2 (29.1) | 189.4 (29.0) |
| Census tract year of building construction c; median | 1958 | 1957 |
| Census tract housing density (units/km2) c; mean (SD) | 638 (768) | 698 (798) |
| Census tract % of buildings containing > 4 units c; mean (SD) | 17.9 (15.4) | 19.3 (16.0) |
a
Missing data for one patient
b
Missing data for 896 patients in MI occurrence analysis and 554 patients in mortality analysis
c
Address could not be geocoded for 103 patients included in the MI occurrence analysis and 52 patients in the mortality analysis