Table 5.
Change in outcomes: CDSMP + exercise versus CDSMP-only
| Variable | CDSMP + exercise (intervention)
|
CDSMP-only (control)
|
Change
|
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Post | P-value | Baseline | Post | P-value | CDSMP + exercise | CDSMP-only | P-value | |
| 6MWD, m | 351.6±122.9 | 370.2±128.2 | 0.013 | 353.0±97.4 | 373.0±97.7 | 0.017 | 18.6±46.2 | 20.0±50.6 | 0.90 |
| Moderate exercise duration, hours (pw) | 0.50 (0.0–19.5) | 1.75 (0.0–30.8) | 0.002 | 1.50 (0.0–10.3) | 1.38 (0.0–15.8) | 0.350 | 1.00 (−5.8–14.0) | 0.000 (−9.8–10.3) | 0.230 |
| Moderate exercise frequency, times (pw) | 2.0 (0.0–20.0) | 3.0 (0.0–22.0) | 0.007 | 2.0 (0.0–23.0) | 3.0 (0.0–22.0) | 0.290 | 1.0 (−8.0–11.0) | 0.5 (−23.0–16.0) | 0.766 |
| Exercise self-efficacy, scale 0–5 | 2.7±1.1 | 2.9±1.1 | 0.354 | 2.8±1.0 | 3.0±1.0 | 0.290 | 0.2±1.1 | 0.2±1.1 | 0.892 |
| Self-management behaviors, scale 0–8 | 6.1±1.1 | 6.3±0.8 | 0.037 | 6.2±1.0 | 6.4±1.0 | 0.076 | 0.3±0.8 | 0.2±0.7 | 0.698 |
| Shortness of breath severity, cm | 7.1±2.3 | 6.3±2.5 | 0.032 | 6.8±2.4 | 6.8±2.3 | 0.989 | −0.8±2.4 | 0.0±2.3 | 0.118 |
| Stage of change | |||||||||
| Precontemplation | 4 (10%) | 3 (7%) | NS | 6 (15%) | 4 (10%) | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Contemplation | 14 (34%) | 10 (24%) | 17 (43%) | 13 (33%) | |||||
| Preparation | 9 (22%) | 4 (10%) | 7 (18%) | 6 (15%) | |||||
| Action | 6 (15%) | 15 (36%) | 5 (12%) | 9 (22%) | |||||
| Maintenance | 8 (19%) | 9 (23%) | 5 (12%) | 8 (20.0%) | |||||
| Achieving weekly exercise criteria: Yes SF-36v2 domains below |
11 (27%) | 22 (54%) | 0.066 | 6 (15%) | 18 (45%) | 0.013 | 19 (47%) | 22 (55%) | NS |
| Physical function | 29.3±9.0 | 30.7±9.0 | 0.076 | 29.0±8.0 | 30.4±8.2 | 0.254 | 1.5±5.2 | 1.4±7.8 | 0.963 |
| Role physical | 32.0±10.4 | 34.3±10.3 | 0.033 | 32.1±9.4 | 35.1±9.8 | 0.038 | 2.4±6.9 | 2.9±8.0 | 0.752 |
| Bodily pain | 45.6±11.7 | 47.7±11.0 | 0.206 | 45.1±11.5 | 44.7±11.5 | 0.621 | 2.1±10.3 | −0.6±7.9 | 0.191 |
| General health | 30.3±9.9 | 31.2±8.6 | 0.467 | 32.4±9.0 | 31.8±10.1 | 0.580 | 0.9±8.2 | −0.6±6.8 | 0.361 |
| Vitality | 41.7±9.2 | 43.0±9.0 | 0.382 | 40.8±9.7 | 43.7±8.1 | 0.032 | 1.2±8.8 | 3.0±8.5 | 0.366 |
| Social function | 42.8±13.2 | 43.3±10.9 | 0.777 | 40.0±11.4 | 43.2±11.1 | 0.050 | 0.5±11.9 | 3.8±10.2 | 0.271 |
| Role emotional | 36.3±16.1 | 38.0±15.8 | 0.282 | 37.2±15.3 | 39.1±13.7 | 0.358 | 1.7±10.0 | 2.9±12.5 | 0.956 |
| Mental health | 47.7±11.7 | 47.9±10.0 | 0.849 | 46.2±10.7 | 47.7±10.1 | 0.428 | 0.2±6.4 | 1.3±10.0 | 0.567 |
| Physical component summary | 31.5±8.2 | 33.5±7.3 | 0.026 | 32.0±7.2 | 32.7±8.4 | 0.506 | 2.0±5.6 | 0.7±6.6 | 0.340 |
| Mental component summary | 46.7±12.9 | 47.2±11.3 | 0.707 | 45.5±12.2 | 47.9±10.4 | 0.205 | 0.4±7.1 | 2.9±11.7 | 0.362 |
Notes: Data are reported as either raw number (percentage) within study group status, or as mean ± standard deviation or median with range. The P-values are from Student’s t-tests, Mann–Whitney U-tests or chi-squared analyses, with level of significance P<0.05 for the primary outcome and P<0.003 for the secondary outcomes, following a Bonferroni adjustment. P-values in bold are those which were below or approximated a P-value of 0.05.
Abbreviations: 6MWD, 6-minute walk test distance; CDSMP, Chronic Disease Self-Management Program; NS, not significant as there were insufficient data to report significance; SF-36v2, Short Form 36 version 2; pw, per week.